Abstract
The chapter examines how transnational terrorism has evolved since the twentieth century, focusing on the so-called religiously inspired wave that emerged most forcefully with the Al Qaeda attacks in New York and Washington in September 2001, as well as the rise and evolution of the virulent Al Qaeda offshoot Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), in tandem with the emergence of social media-driven radicalization processes from the mid-2000s onwards. The chapter will show how not just violent Islamist extremism as exemplified by Al Qaeda and ISIS but other forms—such as the Identitarian Far Right in Western countries and even Buddhist versions in South and Southeast Asia—have gained momentum in recent years. The chapter will argue that these other extremisms have arisen partially in response to violent Islamism in a process of reciprocal radicalization—mediated by the very same social media platforms used by ISIS and its affiliates. Finally the chapter will discuss how strategic dexterity, by way of a judicious mix of “hard” law enforcement and “soft” counter-ideological and other non-kinetic measures, remains essential to cope with the rapidly mutating threat.
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Notes
- 1.
Islamist ideology holds that “the primary Islamic texts (the Quran and hadith)” should be exploited to provide the “blueprint for the creation of a state governed by Islamic law and the restoration of the Caliphate” (Meleagrou-Hitchens 2018: 9). Extremist versions of Islamism legitimize the use of violence including terrorism, to attain this objective.
- 2.
Involving a self-organising small number of attackers not necessarily directed by an organised network but planning and acting on their own. For instance, see (2019). Police Monitoring ‘Wolf Pack’ Terrorism. The Star. April 8. Accessed March 18, 2021, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/08/police-monitoring-wolf-pack-terrorism.
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The author would like to thank Mohammed Sinan Siyech for sharing his valuable insights on Hindu extremism, as well as Tan Ming Hui and Syera Anggreini Buntara for their editorial and research assistance in the preparation of this chapter.
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Ramakrishna, K. (2022). The Evolution of the Terrorism and Extremism Landscape in the Age of COVID-19. In: Gill, M. (eds) The Handbook of Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91735-7_8
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