Abstract
The Banjarese, or as they like to call themselves, urang Banjar (Banjar people), is the native ethnic group in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is one of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia. According to the 2010 statistics data, the number of the Banjarese in Indonesia reached 4,127,124 persons and most of them live in South Kalimantan with the total population reached 2,686,627 persons, in Central Kalimantan with 464,260 persons and in East Kalimantan with 440,453 persons. Nevertheless, the term Banjar at first was not used to describe an ethnic group. Mary Hawkins (2000) argues that the term urang Banjar (Banjarese) emerged as a term of ethnic identification in the 1930s. ‘Banjar’ was formerly only connected with the Banjar Sultanate that was historically the continuation of Negara Daha and Negara Dipa, the Hindu Kingdoms established by immigrants from Java around the thirteenth century. Previously, the Buddhist Kingdom of Tanjung Pura was established by Malay immigrants from Sumatra around the fifth to sixth in South Kalimantan.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
See Ideham et al. (2007b).
- 3.
Given this fact, Alfani Daud maintains that ancestors of the Banjarese probably came from Malay Sumatra. See Daud (1997, pp. 1–4).
- 4.
See Ideham et al. (2007b).
- 5.
See Azra (2004). In relation to Pangeran Samudra’s conversion to Islam, Ian Chalmers (2007) pointed out that there are various interpretations of the way this process took place, differing chiefly on the timing. One possibility is that the conversion was the outcome of a deal he had made with the Demak Sultanate for the latter’s military aid as mentioned in Hikajat Bandjar. On the other hand, there is evidence that Pangeran Samudra had already converted to Islam: the letter seeking Demak’s support was written using Arabic script, which may be an indication that Muslim scholars were already established at court.
- 6.
- 7.
See ‘Abd Allah Muḥammad ‘Īsā al-Ghazālī (1991/1992).
- 8.
- 9.
See Moshe Perlmann (1971).
- 10.
See Kaḥāla (1993).
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
See al-Jābī (2011).
- 14.
- 15.
See Abu Daudi (1996).
- 16.
- 17.
Arsyad al-Banjari was a productive writer. He wrote many works relating to various branches of Islamic knowledge. Apart from those already mentioned, he also wrote the followings: Uṣūl al-Dīn (أصول الدين), Parukunan Basar (فركونان بسار), Luqṭat al-‘Ajlān (لقطة العجلان), Kitāb al-Nikāḥ (كتاب النكاح), Kitāb al-Farā’iḍ (كتاب الفرائض), Sabīl al-Muhtadīn (سبيل المهتدين), Ḥāshiya Fatḥ al-Jawād (حاشية فتح الجواد), al-Qawl al-Mukhtaṣar (القول المختصر), Tuḥfat al-Rāghibīn (تحفة الراغبين), Madzhab Ahlu Sunnah wal Jama‘ah, Qadariyah dan Jabariyah (مذهب اهل السنة و الجماعة), Risālat Fatḥ al-Rahmān (رسالة فتح الرحمان), Risālat Kanz al-Ma‟rifah (رسالة كنز المعرفة), Khuṭbah Muṭlaqah Pakai Makna (خطبة مطلقة فاكي معنى), Awwal al-Din Ma‘rifat Allāh (اول الدين معرفة الله), Bidāyat al-Mubtadī wa ‘Umdat al-Aulādī (بداية المبتدى و عمدة الاولادى), Muṣḥaf al-Qur’ān al-Karīm (مصحف القرآن الكريم), Arkān Ta‘līm al-Ṣibyān (اركان تعليم الصبيان), Bulūgh al-Marām (بلوغ المرام), Fī Bayān al-Qaḍhā’ wa al-Qadar wa al-Wabā’ (في بيان القضاء و القدر و الوباء), and Tuḥfat al-Albāb (تحفة الأحباب).
- 18.
Cf. Iqbal Noor (2011).
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Iqbal, M. (2022). Arsyad al-Banjari: A Banjarese Shāfiʿī Scholar. In: Arsyad al-Banjari’s Insights on Parallel Reasoning and Dialectic in Law. Logic, Argumentation & Reasoning, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91676-3_4
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