Abstract
Increasingly present in debates of the oil and natural gas sector is the discussion that an energy transition alignment can become possible to promote a secure and sustainable development for future generations. Among the agenda-specific practices, the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in industrial activities are critical, as is the case of flaring and venting. Classified as an environmental and economic issue, flaring consists of burning out the excess of produced natural gas (i.e. the natural gas that is not used or monetized), through a torch system, and venting consists of the leakage of gases to the atmosphere. By consulting several types of research and national and international materials, it was possible to identify strategies in the regulatory, political and technological spheres for promoting pollution mitigation in onshore and offshore oilfields. Although some efficiency is noticed, when compared to international practices, the Brazilian scenario can be improved. Among appropriate measures identified to mitigate flaring, it is possible to highlight the need for developing a solid natural gas-consuming market, infrastructure investments to the flow of the production, regulatory improvement and application of fees on the CO2 volume emitted in upstream operations, and the use of mitigation methods applied in the industry.
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Notes
- 1.
Olawuyi (2015).
- 2.
Hargreaves (2019).
- 3.
Energy for Growth Hub (2019).
- 4.
Reis and Gallo (2018), pp. 409–422.
- 5.
Ribeiro (2020).
- 6.
Riva et al. (2020).
- 7.
Rosa (2006).
- 8.
MME (2021).
- 9.
Prade (2020).
- 10.
Havard (2013).
- 11.
Thomas (2004), pp. 1–2.
- 12.
Ribeiro (2020).
- 13.
Cruz and Santos (2019).
- 14.
Thomas (2004).
- 15.
Ribeiro (2020).
- 16.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2020).
- 17.
Riva et al. (2020).
- 18.
Energy for Growth Hub (2019).
- 19.
World Wildlife Federation (2021).
- 20.
Energy for Growth Hub (2019).
- 21.
Energy for Growth Hub (2019).
- 22.
United Nations (2020).
- 23.
The World Bank (2020).
- 24.
AFD (2017).
- 25.
AFD (2017).
- 26.
Reis and Gallo (2018).
- 27.
Ribeiro et al. (2020).
- 28.
Hargreaves (2019).
- 29.
Acevedo Blanco (2015).
- 30.
Hargreaves (2019).
- 31.
IEA (2020a).
- 32.
IEA (2020b).
- 33.
No. 72 relating to Petroleum Activities, Act of 29 November 1996. Last amended by Act 24 June 2011 No. 38 and translated November 23, 2012.
- 34.
No. 72 relating to Petroleum Activities, Act of 29 November 1996. Last amended by Act 24 June 2011 No. 38 and translated November 23, 2012, Section 4.4.
- 35.
Mohammad (2016), p. 6, para. 2.
- 36.
Norwegian Petroleum (2021).
- 37.
Moreno (2014).
- 38.
Camargos et al. (2019).
- 39.
IEA (2020c).
- 40.
Oil & Gas Authority (2021).
- 41.
Oil & Gas Authority (2021).
- 42.
Oil & Gas Authority (2021).
- 43.
The World Bank (2010).
- 44.
ANP (2013).
- 45.
Hargreaves (2019).
- 46.
Camargos et al. (2019).
- 47.
Loureiro T. Y. C. (2013).
- 48.
Legal Intelligence Center (2020), paras 1–2.
- 49.
Legal Intelligence Center (2020), para. 7.
- 50.
Legal Intelligence Center (2020), para. 6.
- 51.
ANP (2021).
- 52.
Camargos et al. (2019).
- 53.
Miranda et al. (2016).
- 54.
Miranda et al. (2016).
- 55.
Costa Junior (2018).
- 56.
Loureiro (2013).
- 57.
Ribeiro et al. (2020).
- 58.
Acevedo Blanco (2015).
- 59.
Hargreaves (2019).
- 60.
Império (2015).
- 61.
Statoil (2009).
- 62.
Império (2015).
- 63.
Império (2015).
- 64.
ANP (2021).
- 65.
EIA (2021).
- 66.
Hargreaves (2019), p. 51, para. 2.
- 67.
Hargreaves (2019), p. 54, para. 4.
- 68.
Miranda et al. (2016).
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Ribeiro, G.C. et al. (2022). Regulatory and Technical Opportunities for Reducing Flaring and Venting Operations in Oil and Gas Fields in Brazil. In: Olawuyi, D.S., Pereira, E.G. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Natural Gas and Global Energy Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91566-7_17
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