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Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Plant Growth

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Sustainable Plant Nutrition under Contaminated Environments

Part of the book series: Sustainable Plant Nutrition in a Changing World ((SPNCW))

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), because of their chemical stability, cost-effective manufacturing, and non-flammability, were extensively used in lubricants, fluids, and electrical equipment coolant for years. Owing to the fat-soluble characteristics and steady biotransformation of PCBs, they are being discovered in human as well as animal tissues, despite the fact that both their making and utilization were prohibited in the 1970s. The universal existence of PCBs can be observed in every aspect of natural habitats involving flora, fauna, soil, air, and water; its definite origin in the ecosystem is yet unrevealed. Because of their lipophilic nature, PCBs can easily be part of the food chain. In addition to their lipophilic nature, PCBs are environmentally stable and can resist very high temperatures, so they can survive for a long time in the environment. However, studies show that high-level exposure to occupational locations for long-term PCBs through skin contact and inhalation exposure have not increased cancer risk. In fact, sensory (eye-skin) irritation is still the only persistent health effect among workers that can be attributed to PCBs. However, it is an established fact that PCBs cause growth inhibition of plants. In plants, PCB metabolism by plants takes place in three different ways. In the first process, the PCBs are oxidized to hydroxylated compounds. These products are reactive and soluble. In the second process, the activated compounds are conjugated with plant molecules, forming more soluble and lesser toxic compounds. In the last process, sequestration occurs in which conjugate molecules are adsorbed on the plant organelles. Phytoremediation is mediated through different mechanisms: phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, and rhizospheric degradation. Rhizospheric degradation occurs in rhizospheric soil immediately around the plant roots. Because PCBs are toxic in nature, these compounds cause harmful effects to both plants and animals. Soils, waters, food webs, or sediments could be sources of PCB contamination through biochemical cycles. Remediation of contaminated sites can be done using plants. Contaminated sites such as sludge, polluted groundwater, sediments, contaminated air, and soil can be treated for in situ and ex situ phytoremediation through pollutant degradation, stabilization, and removal. Phytoremediation is an environmentally safe and cost-effective approach for the treatment of potentially harmful PCBs as compared to other traditional techniques such as landfilling and incineration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan

    Nadeem Iqbal

  2. Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Nadeem Iqbal

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan

    Nida Nazir, Muhammad Numan, Malik Tahir Hayat & Bibi Saima Zeb

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan

    Qaisar Mahmood

  5. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain

    Qaisar Mahmood

  6. College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Bin Ma

  7. Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zaigham Abbas

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  1. Nadeem Iqbal
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Correspondence to Malik Tahir Hayat .

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    Qaisar Mahmood

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Iqbal, N. et al. (2022). Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Plant Growth. In: Mahmood, Q. (eds) Sustainable Plant Nutrition under Contaminated Environments. Sustainable Plant Nutrition in a Changing World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91499-8_10

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