Skip to main content

Pandemic Pasts. Experiences from History

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Covid-19 Pandemic and Global Bioethics

Part of the book series: Advancing Global Bioethics ((AGBIO,volume 18))

  • 298 Accesses

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic is not the first time that humanity is confronted with a sudden and lethal global disease threat. This chapter discusses previous lethal pandemics in human history. Examples of the Black Death in the fourteenth century, the cholera pandemics in the nineteenth century, and the Spanish flu in the twentieth century show that not only millions of people have died but that these scourges have also led to significant changes in society and culture. From these examples, patterns in the manifestations of epidemic diseases and in the responses to them are identified and examined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Thucydides, The history of the Peloponnesian War. Second Book, Chapter VI.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gervais, A. 1972. À propos de la ‘Peste’ d'Athènes: Thucydide et la littérature de l'épidémie. Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé: Lettres d'humanité 31: 395–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cunha, B.A. 2004. The cause of the plague of Athens: Plague, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, or measles? Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18: 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. See for example: Fins, J.J. 2020. Pandemics, protocols, and the plague of Athens: Insights from Thucydides. Hastings Center Report 50 (3): 50–53.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Longrigg, J. 1980. The great plague of Athens. History of Science 18: 209–225; Nielsen, D.A. 1996. Pericles and the plague: Civil religion, anomie, and injustice in Thucydides. Sociology of religion 57 (4): 397–407; Soupios, M.A. 2004. Impact of the plague in Ancient Greece. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  6. The disease was later called the Black Death, after the Latin atra mors (meaning terrible but also black death).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ziegler, P. 2009. The Black Death, 54. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Benedictow, O.J. 2004. The Black Death 1346–1353. In The complete history, 380–384. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bedyński, W. 2020. Liminality: Black Death 700 years later. What lessons are for us from the medieval pandemic? Society Register 4 (3): 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cockerell, T.D.A. 1916. The Black Death, and its lessons for to-day. The Scientific Monthly 3 (1): 82.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cantor, N.F. 2001. In the wake of the plague. The Black Death and the world it made. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Boccaccio, G. 1353. The Decameron.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tuchman, B. 1978. A distant mirror. The calamitous 14th century. London: Penguin Books. See also: McNeill, W.H. 1998. Plagues and people. New York: Anchor Books, 194 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Huizinga, J. 1924. The waning of the Middle Ages. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 124 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bedyński, Liminality: Black Death 700 years later, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 62.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tuchman, A distant mirror.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ziegler, M. 2014. The Black Death and the future of the plague. The Medieval Globe 1: 259–283; Green, M.H. 2004. Taking ‘pandemic’ seriously: Making the Black Death global. The Medieval Globe 1: 27–61.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bertherat, E. 2019. Plague around the world in 2019. Weekly Epidemiological Record 25: 289–292.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Due to severe dehydration, the skin of cholera victims often turns blue, hence the name ‘Blue Death’.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ten Have, H. 1983. Geneeskunde en filosofie. De invloed van Jeremy Bentham op het medisch denken en handelen. Lochem-Poperinge: Uitgeversmaatschappij De Tijdstroom, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Thomas, A. J. 2020. Cholera. The Victorian plague. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books, 60 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Thomas, Cholera, 31 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ten Have, Geneeskunde en filosofie, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Boshart, M. 2016. De blauwe dood. Cholera in Nederland. Soesterberg: Uitgeverij Aspekt.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Boshart, De blauwe dood, 177 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rosenberg, C. E. 1987. The cholera years. The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 40 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  30. ———. 1992. Explaining epidemics and other studies in the history of medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 295. See also: Rosenberg, The cholera years, 75 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ten Have, H.A.M.J. 1990. Knowledge and practice in European medicine: The case of infectious diseases. In The growth of medical knowledge, ed. H.A.M.J. ten Have, G.K. Kimsma, and S. Spicker, 15–40. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Fleck, L. 1935. Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftliche Tatsache: Einfŭhrung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. Suhrkamp Verlag: Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ten Have, Knowledge and practice in European medicine, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ten Have, Knowledge and practice in European medicine, 32 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  35. “… the specific menace of cholera was a product of the Industrial Age and its global shipping networks.” Johnson, S. 2006. The ghost map. The story of London’s most terrifying epidemic – and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. New York: Riverhead Books, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ten Have, Knowledge and practice in European medicine, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Boshart, De blauwe dood, 130 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sarphati initiated the first bread factory in the Netherlands, and organized a system of waste collection in Amsterdam, among many other things. Slingeland, A. 2020. Dr. Samuel Sarphati. Hektoen International. A Journal of Medical Humanities 12(3); De Bruin, W. 2010. Samuel Sarphati (1813–1866). Schepper van een nieuwe stad, Historisch Nieuwsblad 8.

    Google Scholar 

  39. See, Ten Have, Knowledge and practice in European medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  40. See, Johnson, The Ghost map.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Huber, V. 2006. The unification of the globe by disease? The international sanitary conferences on cholera, 1851–1894. The Historical Journal 49 (2): 453–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. WHO, Cholera fact sheet, January 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Waldman, R.J., E.D. Mintz, and H.E. Papowitz. 2013. The cure for cholera – Improving access to safe water and sanitation. New England Journal Medicine 368 (7): 592–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Honigsbaum, M. 2020. The pandemic century. One hundred years of panic, hysteria, and hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 26; Brown, J. 2018. Influenza. The hundred-year hunt to cure the deadliest disease in history. New York: Simon & Schuster, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Barry, J.M. 2005. 1918 revisited: Lessons and suggestions for further inquiry. In The threat of pandemic influenza: Are we ready? Workshop summary, edited by S. L. Knobler, A. Mack, A. Mahmoud et al, 58-68. Washington: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on microbial threats, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Barry, 1918 revisited, 67; Barry, J.M. 2018 (original 2004). The great influenza. The story of the deadliest pandemic in history. New York: Random House, 156 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Barry, The great influenza, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Morens, D.M., and A.S. Fauci. 2007. The 1918 influenza pandemic: Insights for the 21st century. Journal of Infectious Diseases 195 (7): 1018–1028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Artenstein, A.W. 2012. The discovery of viruses: Advancing science and medicine by challenging dogma. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16: e470–e473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Brown, Influenza, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Barry, The great influenza, 409.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Barry, The great influence, 544.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Artenstein, The discovery of viruses, e472.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kolata, G. 2005. Flu. The story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Žižek, S. 2020. Pandemic! COVID-19 shakes the world, 3. New York: Polity.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  56. Morens, D.M., G.K. Folkers, and A.S. Fauci. 2009. What is a pandemic? The Journal of Infectious Diseases 200: 1018–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Rosenberg, Explaining epidemics, 281 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 59.

    Google Scholar 

  59. “… for many laypeople throughout history the term epidemic and contagious were synonymous” See; Rosenberg, Explaining epidemics, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rosenberg, The cholera years, 133 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  61. See Benedictow and his use of the war metaphor; Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353.

    Google Scholar 

  62. The first part of the book of Barry is devoted to Warriors; Barry, The great influenza.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 231.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Benedictow, The Black Death 1346–1353, 292.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Shipman, P.L. 2014. The bright side of the Black Death. American Scientist 102 (6): 410–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Ziegler, The Black Death, 252 ff; McNeill, Plagues and people, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  67. “… we live within, and are inhabited by, ecologies that teem with viruses. Put simply, life on Earth has evolved in a never-ending, profoundly symbiotic interaction with co-evolving viruses.” Ryan, F. 2019. Virusphere. Ebola, AIDS, influenza and the hidden world of the virus. London: William Collins, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Honigsbaum, The pandemic century, 8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

ten Have, H. (2022). Pandemic Pasts. Experiences from History. In: The Covid-19 Pandemic and Global Bioethics. Advancing Global Bioethics, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91491-2_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics