Abstract
Starting with an oceanic analogy, the human condition is an ocean, we here integrate philosophy, ocean-thinking, and geography. We perform an assumption archaeology (Winther, 2020) of how diverse philosophers, from the pre-Socratics to today, have been fascinated by the oceans and seas as a source for analyses of the human condition in all its complexity—emotions, freedom, sexuality, imagination, memory, cultural conditioning, and so forth. We first address what analogy is (the oceans are the analogical source domain while the human condition is the analogical target domain), and sample what the oceans and seas abstractly represent, philosophically and psychologically. We then get concrete and specific—the Mediterranean Sea has had a powerful influence on Western philosophy. We survey various philosophers in this regard: Thales, Heraclitus, Plato, Seneca, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Camus. The Mediterranean has taken on a singular, symbolic value in the history of Western philosophy.
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Notes
- 1.
A contribution on Nietzsche and the Mediterranean is also published in this volume, Chapter 23: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. We build upon this here.
- 2.
Regarding Heidegger, we build upon: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25-43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
- 3.
Braudel, Fernand. (1949, 1996) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II Berkeley: University of California Press.
- 4.
Connery, Christopher. “The Oceanic Feeling and the Regional Imaginary,” Global/ Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary. Ed. Rob Wilson and Wimal Dissanayake. Durham: Duke UP, 1996. 284–312; “There Was No More Sea: The Supersession of the Ocean, from the Bible to Cyberspace.” Journal of Historical Geography 32 (2006): 495–511. Quote on p. 496 of Connery 2006.
- 5.
These analogies and many others are detailed in chapter 2 of Winther 2020. Winther, RG. 2020. When Maps Become the World. University of Chicago Press.
- 6.
Peirce, Charles S. 1992. “Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis.” In Houser and Kloesel, The Essential Peirce, volume 1:186–99 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press); originally published in Popular Science Monthly 13 (August 1878), 470–82. Hesse, Mary. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- 7.
Bartha 2010 and Hofstadter and Sander 2013 provide extended archaeologies and defenses of analogy and analogical inference. Winther 2020 presents a simultaneous discussion of the four reasoning types. Bartha, Paul F. A. 2010. By Parallel Reasoning: The Construction and Evaluation of Analogical Arguments. New York: Oxford University Press; Hofstadter, Douglas, and Emmanuel Sander. 2013. Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking. New York: Basic Books.
- 8.
Perhaps the difference itself is more a matter of style than of substance. It seems apt to cite Givón (1986): “The metaphor term comes from the literary analysis tradition, the analogy term comes from the philosophic tradition, most recently via Kant and Peirce” (100). Givón, Talmy. 1986. “Prototypes: Between Plato and Wittgenstein.” In Noun Classes and Categorization, edited by Colette G. Craig, 77–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.
- 9.
Winther 2020, p. 53.
- 10.
Our own translation from German: “Es [Das Mittelmeer; A. D.; R. G. W.] konfrontiert die Griechen mit anderen Kulturen wie der phönizischen und ägyptischen. Es ist Ort existentieller Erfahrung und naturwissenschaftlicher Neugier für jene Männer, die ihrer Mit- und Nachwelt als Philosophen gelten.” Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395.
- 11.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395 ff. See also: Döring, A.; Horden, P. “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In:Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. P. 25 f.; and: “The Greeks gained their practical wisdom from their journeying. They travelled across the Mediterranean Sea, which is thus the source of their wisdom. Furthermore, the sea is life affirming. To Nietzsche, this is a proof of its quality: after having been to the Mediterranean, he is no longer interested in truth but in having a joyful life.” Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23; This is Heraclitus’ overall aim: “The aim of Heraclitus’ unusual approach is to produce readers who have a proper grasp of the world and their place in it. […] Such an understanding can result only from an ability to interpret the language of nature. The proper understanding allows one to act in a harmonious way.” Graham, Daniel W., “Heraclitus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/heraclitus/
- 12.
Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 13.
“As the Greeks always meant the Mediterranean when talking about “the sea,” the same is true for Nietzsche, […]”. Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 396.
- 16.
Winther 2014, 2019. Winther, RG. 2014. “World Navels,” Cartouche of the Canadian Cartographic Association 89: 15–21; Winther, RG. 2019 “Cutting the Cord: A Corrective for World Navels in Cartography and Science,” The Cartographic Journal 57:2, 147–159.
- 17.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395.; Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 18.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395.
- 19.
Ibid.; Döring, A.; Horden, P. “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In:Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. P. 25.
- 20.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395.
- 21.
Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/. See also: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018. P. 25 f.; See also: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 22.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 395.
- 23.
Ibid,; Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige. (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018. P. 25.
- 24.
Nietzsche, Friedrich: Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Translated, with an Introduction by Marianne Cowan. Washington: Regnery. 1998. P. 42 ff.; Regarding Nietzsche, the pre-Socratics and the Mediterranean Sea see also: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 25.
See also: “The philosopher is not a man of intellect, if by stressing intellect one designates a person who can see to the success of his personal undertakings. Aristotle rightly says that ‘What Thales and Anaxagoras know will be considered unusual, astonishing, difficult and divine, but never useful, for their concern was not with the good of humanity.’” Nietzsche, Friedrich: Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Translated, with an Introduction by Marianne Cowan. Washington: Regnery. 1998. P. 43. Regarding philosophers and their behaviour when sailing see also: Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. p. 396 f.
- 26.
Regarding Nietzsche, the Greeks, and their journeys see also: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 27.
Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. S. 395.; Interestingly, Curd writes “a map of the inhabited world”. Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/. Döring and Horden, referring to Diogenes Laertius, write “a map of land and sea”. Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018. P. 26.
- 28.
Early Greek Philosophy, Volume III: Early Ionian Thinkers, Part 2. Edited and translated by André Laks, Glenn W. Most. Loeb Classical Library 526. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016. p. 169.
- 29.
Graham, Daniel W., “Heraclitus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/heraclitus/
- 30.
Ibid.; Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 31.
Graham, Daniel W., “Heraclitus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/heraclitus/; Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 32.
Graham, Daniel W., “Heraclitus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/heraclitus/. Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 33.
Nietzsche, Friedrich: Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Translated, with an Introduction by Marianne Cowan. Washington: Regnery. 1998. P. 51.
- 34.
Regarding the sea, Heraclitus, and Nietzsche see also Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 35.
Nietzsche, Friedrich: Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Translated, with an Introduction by Marianne Cowan. Washington: Regnery. 1998. P. 51 f. Also quoted, but as own translation, in: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 36.
Graham, Daniel W., “Heraclitus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/heraclitus/; Curd, Patricia, “Presocratic Philosophy”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/presocratics/
- 37.
“Honey, says Heraclitus, is at the same time bitter and sweet; the world itself is a mixed drink which must constantly be stirred”.Nietzsche, Friedrich: Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Translated, with an Introduction by Marianne Cowan. Washington: Regnery. 1998. P. 54 f.
- 38.
See also Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 39.
Regarding (the metaphor of) the sea in other writings by Plato see also: Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige. (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018. P. 25f.
- 40.
Plato: Republic. pp. 971–1223. Translated by G. M. A. Grube; rev. C. D. C. Reeve. In: Plato. Complete Works. Edited by Cooper, John M; Hutchinson, D. S. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 1997. P. 1111 f.
- 41.
Ibid. 1111.
- 42.
Ibid., p. 1111 f. and Ricklin, Thomas: Philosophie. pp. 395–402. In: Dabag, Mihran; Haller, Dieter, Jaspert, Nikolas; Lichtenberger, Achim; (eds.): Handbuch der Mediterranistik. Systematische Mittelmeerforschung und disziplinäre Zugänge. Paderborn Wilhelm Fink / Ferdinand Schöningh. 2015. P. 396.
- 43.
Plato: Republic. pp. 971–1224. Translated by G. M. A. Grube; rev. C. D. C. Reeve.In: Plato. Complete Works. Edited by Cooper, John M; Hutchinson, D. S. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing. 1997. P. 1100.
- 44.
Seneca: “De Brevitate Vitae”. pp. 286–355. In: Moral Essays, Volume II: De Consolatione ad Marciam. De Vita Beata. De Otio. De Tranquillitate Animi. De Brevitate Vitae. De Consolatione ad Polybium. De Consolatione ad Helviam. Translated by John W. Basore. Loeb Classical Library 254. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932. P. 309.
- 45.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus: Achtundzwanzigster Brief: Reisen an sich sind kein geeignetes Mittel, das Gemüt zu entlasten. In: Seneca. Philosophische Schriften. Vollständige Studienausgabe. Translated, with introduction and annotations by Otto Apelt. Wiesbaden. Marixverlag. 2004. p. 103 f. (Dritter Band: Briefe an Lucilius)
- 46.
Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 47.
Own translation from: “Kussgeräuschen”. Camus, Albert: Hochzeit in Tipasa. P. 9–19. In: Camus, Albert: Hochzeit des Lichts. Hochzeit des Lichts. Heimkehr nach Tipasa. Impressionen am Rande der Wüste. Translated by Peter Gan and Monique Lang. Hamburg; Zürich: Arche. 2010. P. 10.
- 48.
Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/
- 49.
Own translation from: “Sonne, Küsse und erregende Düfte”. Camus, Albert: Hochzeit in Tipasa. P. 9–19. In: Camus, Albert: Hochzeit des Lichts. Hochzeit des Lichts. Heimkehr nach Tipasa. Impressionen am Rande der Wüste. Translated by Peter Gan and Monique Lang. Hamburg; Zürich: Arche. 2010. P. 10.
- 50.
Ibid. P. 14.
- 51.
Camus, Albert: Das Meer. P. 150–163. In: Camus, Albert: Hochzeit des Lichts. Hochzeit des Lichts. Heimkehr nach Tipasa. Impressionen am Rande der Wüste. Translated by Peter Gan and Monique Lang. Hamburg; Zürich: Arche. 2010. P. 150.
- 52.
Camus, Albert: Der Fremde. Translated by Goyert, Georg; Brenner, Hans Georg. Brugg, Stuttgart, Salzburg. Fackelverlag: 1972. P. 7 ff; 49, 86.
- 53.
Ibid. P. 7 ff; 90 ff.
- 54.
Ibid. P. 48 ff.
- 55.
Ibid. P. 49 ff.
- 56.
Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/
- 57.
Ibid.
- 58.
Ibid.
- 59.
Camus, Albert: The New Mediterranean Culture. Online: http://hellenicantidote.blogspot.com/2010/03/albert-camus-new-mediterranean-culture.html. Last view: 22.07.2020.
- 60.
Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/; Camus, Albert: Das Meer. P. 150–163. In: Camus, Albert: Hochzeit des Lichts. Hochzeit des Lichts. Heimkehr nach Tipasa. Impressionen am Rande der Wüste. Translated by Peter Gan and Monique Lang. Hamburg; Zürich: Arche. 2010. P. 150.
- 61.
Camus, Albert: The New Mediterranean Culture. Online: http://hellenicantidote.blogspot.com/2010/03/albert-camus-new-mediterranean-culture.html. Last view: 22.07.2020.
- 62.
Camus, Albert: Das Meer. P. 150–163. In: Camus, Albert: Hochzeit des Lichts. Hochzeit des Lichts. Heimkehr nach Tipasa. Impressionen am Rande der Wüste. Translated by Peter Gan and Monique Lang. Hamburg; Zürich: Arche. 2010. P. 150.; Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/.
- 63.
Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/
- 64.
Camus, Albert: The New Mediterranean Culture. Online: http://hellenicantidote.blogspot.com/2010/03/albert-camus-new-mediterranean-culture.html. Last view: 22.07.2020.
- 65.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus: Achtundzwanzigster Brief: Reisen an sich sind kein geeignetes Mittel, das Gemüt zu entlasten. In: Seneca. Philosophische Schriften. Vollständige Studienausgabe. Translated, with introduction and annotations by Otto Apelt. Wiesbaden. Marixverlag. 2004. p. 103 ff. (Dritter Band: Briefe an Lucilius)
- 66.
Camus, Albert: The New Mediterranean Culture. Online: http://hellenicantidote.blogspot.com/2010/03/albert-camus-new-mediterranean-culture.html. Last view: 22.07.2020.; Aronson, Ronald, “Albert Camus”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/camus/
- 67.
Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018.
- 68.
Ibid. P. 39.
- 69.
Zolbrod, Paul G. 1987. Diné Bahane’: The Navajo Creation Story. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, NM: p. 36.
- 70.
E.g., Jung, Carl G. 1991. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. 2nd ed. London: Routledge; Campbell, Joseph. 1991. The Power of Myth, with Bill Moyers. New York: Anchor Books.
- 71.
Crawford, Jackson. 2015. The Poetic Edda: Stories of the Norse Gods and Heroes, translated and edited by Jackson Crawford. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
- 72.
Section 5 of Gylfaginning (in Crawford 2015) the story of how King Gylfi was tricked.
- 73.
Section 5 of Gylfaginning.
- 74.
Section 5 of Gylfaginning.
- 75.
See Clunies Ross, Margaret. 1994. Prolonged Echoes. Volume 1: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press.
- 76.
René Girard. 1982. Le Bouc émissaire. Paris: Grasset; Girard 2003. Le sacrifice. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. Frederik Stjernfelt. 1990. Baldr og verdensdramaet i den nordiske mytologi. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag, pp. 23–29.
- 77.
Seneca: “De Brevitate Vitae”. pp. 286–355. In: Seneca. Moral Essays, Volume II: De Consolatione ad Marciam. De Vita Beata. De Otio. De Tranquillitate Animi. De Brevitate Vitae. De Consolatione ad Polybium. De Consolatione ad Helviam. Translated by John W. Basore. Loeb Classical Library 254. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1932. p. 309. Plato: Republic. pp. 971–1223. Translated by G. M. A. Grube; rev. C. D. C. Reeve.In: Plato. Complete Works. Edited by Cooper, John M; Hutchinson, D. S. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 1997.
- 78.
Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: Mediterranean Sea-Creature: Maritime Metaphor in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. This volume, Chapter 23.
- 79.
Camus, Albert: The New Mediterranean Culture. Online: http://hellenicantidote.blogspot.com/2010/03/albert-camus-new-mediterranean-culture.html. Last view: 22.07.2020.
- 80.
Döring, Annika; Horden, Peregrine: “Heidegger as Mediterraneanist”. pp. 25–43. In: Elhariry, Yasser; Tamalet Talbayev, Edwige (eds.): Critically Mediterranean. Temporalities, Aesthetics, and Deployments of a Sea in Crisis. Cham. Palgrave Macmillan. 2018.
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Döring, A., Winther, R.G. (2022). The Human Condition Is an Ocean: Philosophy and the Mediterranean Sea. In: Wuppuluri, S., Grayling, A.C. (eds) Metaphors and Analogies in Sciences and Humanities. Synthese Library, vol 453. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90688-7_19
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