Abstract
Land use and forest cover (LUFC) classification from satellite data in mountainous terrain offers challenge due to varied topography and complexities owing to different illumination conditions. Digital classification following supervised and/or unsupervised techniques in combination with/without ancillary information often does not provide acceptable level of accuracy. This chapter formulates and applies a hybrid approach for LUFC classification using moderate resolution satellite data. Both ‘elimination’ and ‘fishing’ approaches were used to classify the state of Sikkim into seventeen categories. The classification accuracy was estimated at 94.87% at 1:50,000 scale, which is suitable for utilization in further studies such as surface hydrological and energy fluxes. Further, the digital elevation model was utilized to derive the topographic units at 1000 m elevation steps, slope and aspect and their distribution across the seventeen LUFC classes. The distribution of various LUFC classes across different elevation, slope and aspects offers useful information for ecosystem planning and management.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Armenteras D, Rodriguez N, Retana J (2013) Landscape dynamics in northwestern Amazonia: an assessment of pastures, fire and illicit crops as drivers of tropical deforestation. PLoS ONE 8:e54310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054310
Banskota A, Kayastha N, Falkowski MJ, Wulder MA, Froese RE, White, JC (2014) Forest monitoring using Landsat time series data: a review. Can J Remote Sens 40:362–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2014.987376
Behera MD, Jeganathan C, Srivastava S, Kushwaha SPS, Roy PS (2000) Utility of GPS in classification accuracy assessment. Curr Sci 79(12):1996–1700
Behera MD, Kushwaha SPS, Roy PS (2001) Forest vegetation characterization & mapping using IRS-1C satellite images in eastern Himalayan region. Geocarto Int 16(3):53–62
Behera MD, Neeti JA, Jayaraman V (2005) Analysis of land cover change and misregistration error in North district of Sikkim, India. Int J Geoinform 1(4):43–58
Behera MD, Patidar N, Chitale VS, Behera N, Gupta D, Matin S, Tare V, Panda SN, Sen DJ (2014) Increase of agricultural patch contiguity over past three decades in Ganga River Basin, India. Curr Sci 107(3):502–515
Behera MD, Gupta AK, Barik SK, Das P, Panda RM (2018a) Use of satellite remote sensing as a monitoring tool for land and water resources development activities in an Indian tropical site. Environ Monit Assess 190:401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6770-8
Behera MD, Tripathi P, Das P, Srivastava SK, Roy PS, Joshi C, Behera PR, Deka J, Kumar P, Khan ML (2018b) Remote sensing based deforestation analysis in Mahanadi and Brahmaputra river basin in India since 1985. J Environ Manag 206:1192–1203
Behera MD, Srivastava S, Kushwaha SPS, Roy PS (2000) Stratification and mapping of Taxus baccata L. bearing forests in Tale valley using remote sensing and GIS. Curr Sci 78(8):1008–1013
Boschetti M, Stroppiana D, Brivio PA (2010) Mapping burned areas in a Mediterranean environment using soft integration of spectral indices from high-resolution satellite images. Earth Interact 14:1–20
Das P, Mudi S, Behera MD, Barik SK, Mishra DR, Roy PS (2021) Automated mapping for long-term analysis of shifting cultivation in Northeast India. Remote Sens 13(6):1066
FSI (2003) India State of Forest Report, 2003. Forest Survey of India, Dehradun
Lawrence D, Radel C, Tully K, Schmook B, Schneider L (2010) Untangling a decline in tropical forest resilience: constraints on the sustainability of shifting cultivation across the globe. Biotropica 42:21–30
Lele N, Joshi PK, Agrawal SP (2008) Assessing forest fragmentation in northeastern region (NER) of India using landscape matrices. Ecol Ind 8:657–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.10.002
Li P, Feng Z (2016) Extent and area of Swidden in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia: estimation by multi-step thresholds with Landsat-8 OLI data. Remote Sens 8:44. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8010044
Pasha SV, Behera MD, Mahawar SK, Barik SK, Joshi SR (2020) Assessment of shifting cultivation fallows in Northeastern India using Landsat imageries. Trop Ecol 1:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-020-00062-0
Rao DP, Gautam NC, Nagaraja R, Ram MP (1996) IRS-1C applications in land use planning. Curr Sci 70(7):575–581
Roy PS, Behera MD (2005) Rapid assessment of biological richness in a part of Eastern Himalaya: an integrated three-tier approach. Curr Sci 88(2):250–257
Roy PS, Behera MD, Murthy MSR, Roy A, Singh S, Kushwaha SPS, Jha CS, Sudhakar S, Joshi PK, Reddy CS (2015) New vegetation type map of India prepared using satellite remote sensing: comparison with global vegetation maps and utilities. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 39:142–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.03.003
Sarkar A, Ghosh A, Banik P (2014) Multi-criteria land evaluation for suitability analysis of wheat: a case study of a watershed in eastern plateau region, India. Geo-Spatial Inform Sci 17:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2013.774106
Sharma N, Das AP, Shrestha DG (2015) Land use and Land cover mapping of East District of Sikkim using IRS P6 satellite imagery. Pleione 9(1):193–200. ISSN: 0973-9467
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Behera, M.D., Sharma, N., Neeti, Chowdhary, V.M., Shrestha, D.G. (2022). Hybrid Approach for Land Use and Forest Cover Classification in Sikkim Himalaya. In: Pandey, A., Chowdary, V.M., Behera, M.D., Singh, V.P. (eds) Geospatial Technologies for Land and Water Resources Management. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 103. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90479-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90479-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90478-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90479-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)