Abstract
In the period from XVIIIth till XXth century Russia had been strengthening its presence in Northern Europe, and in XVII–XIX centuries Russia even had been colonizing Northeast America shore. However, these territories were very remote, communications were weak, the population density was low, and indigenous peoples were hostile. So the decision was made to give up the American territories and accumulate powers for a denser population of Siberian regions. The agrarian settling to Siberia started in the second half of XVIIIth century and grew up in XIX–XX centuries. It was promoted by a row of measures taken by the Government: from easier land demarcation to a wide range of support measures for new coming peasants to settle on Siberian lands. Adaptation mechanisms to the new natural and social environment are shown in the example of Belorussian settlers. Siberia entered the Industrial Era. It influenced not only mining but also processing industries. If in the past economic development in Siberia relied on waterways, later the Transsiberian Railroad construction gave significant influence for Siberia economy. The creation and rise of the city of Novonikolayevsk (Novosibirsk) reflected new tendencies in Siberia’s development. The region became an agrarian-industrial territory of Russia. From the very beginning of Russian settlement, Siberian aboriginal peoples were constant element of regional social, economic, and political processes. At the face of XXth century, aboriginal society was deformed, which resulted in the archaization of their society and world view. By the beginning of the XXth century, Siberia, having saved some specific cultural features, became engrained in Russia.
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Abbreviations
- Academic expeditions of the XVIII century:
-
scientific expeditions on studying natural resources, geographic objects, plant and animal life as well as cultures of peoples of the Russian Empire.
- The Altai and Nerchinsk mountain districts:
-
special administrative-territorial regions of Siberia. Were under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, had their own system of internal structure and management, different from the provincial. The main labor force was represented by craftsmen, assigned peasants and convicts. Academic expeditions of the XVIII century—scientific expeditions on studying natural resources, geographic objects, plant and animal life as well as cultures of peoples of the Russian Empire.
- Anthropogenic transformation:
-
is a natural landscape change resulted from human impact.
- Dessiatin (arpent):
-
a land measure equivalent to 1.1 hectares; colonization—the development of uninhabited or sparsely-populated territories;
- Land notification process:
-
a set of activities carried out by surveyors to research and delimit special areas for resettled peasants.
- Colony:
-
a dependent territory under the authority of a foreign state (mother country), without independent political and economic power, managed on the basis of a special regime.
- Novosibirsk:
-
is a millionaire city located in the south of Western Siberia, being the center of Novosibirsk agglomeration and one of the largest trading, business, cultural, industrial, transportation and scientific center of Siberia.
- Russian America:
-
[at the end of the 18th–mid-19th centuries, the unofficial name of the colonies of the Russian Empire in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, the Northwestern coast of North America to 54° 40′. n. l., as well as settlements in the Kuril and Commander Islands, in California (1812–41) and in the Hawaiian Islands (1816–17)].
- Stages of industrial development of Siberia:
-
(1) XVII—first quarter of the XVIII century—the beginning of early capitalist entrepreneurship on a very modest scale; (2) the second quarter of the XVIII century—first quarter of the XIX century—growth, and then the domination of the feudal manufactory of the Treasury, Cabinet, nobility; (3) the second quarter of the XIX century—1861—the crisis of feudal industry, the growth and victory of private capitalist entrepreneurship in transport and gold mining, the beginning of the industrial revolution in water transport; (4) 1861–1890s—the collapse of feudal entrepreneurship, the domination of capitalist manufacture in industry, the beginning of the industrial revolution, the beginning of the construction of the railways; (5) 1890s–1930s—industrial revolution in all sectors of the economy, the beginning of the industrialization of Siberia.
- The Trans-Siberian Railway (TransSib, The Great Siberian Railway):
-
is a network of railway roads of 9288.2 km length that runs through all the territory of Eurasia and connects Moscow with the major industrial cities of the Russian Far East and Eastern Siberia.
- Evolutionism:
-
research area in ethnic studies formed in the second half of the XIX century that outlined the concept of mankind evolution as a progressive process. The problem of regress or dead end development within the framework of this research area was not questioned.
- Yasak policy:
-
the policy of Muskovy and then of the Russian Empire toward inclusion of Siberian natives in socio-economic structure through payment of a special kind of tribute in the form of furs and arrangement of social stratum affiliation first as “yasak-payers”, then as “inorodtsy”.
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Acknowledgements
The Study Section 3 is supported by the State task (project Nr. № AAAA-A17-117,050,400,150–2) and RFBR (grant Nr. 18–09-00,028).
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Beljanin, D.N. et al. (2022). Siberia Within the Russian Empire of the XVIII–Beginning of the XX Centuries. In: Bocharnikov, V.N., Steblyanskaya, A.N. (eds) Humans in the Siberian Landscapes. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_6
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