Abstract
The Himalayas has been characterized by many superlatives, viz. youngest mountain chain, the highest peak, home of severe earthquakes, and the highest cases of landslides. The landslides are inevitable due to the presence of fragile rocks, the presence of major tectonic boundaries, and the activities along with them due to the northward movement of the Indian Plate; Earthquakes of high magnitude. Both geological and historical records indicate landslides devastating nature, causing a large scale of destruction and losses. There has been an emphasis on monitoring landslides with various modern techniques for systematic studies to highlight the landslide’s extent and effect in suggesting proper remedial measures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslides: investigation and mitigation. Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes. Transportation research board special report, 247
Dikshit A, Sarkar R, Pradhan B, Segoni S, Alamri AM (2020) Rainfall induced landslide studies in Indian Himalayan region: a critical review. Appl Sci 10(7):2466
Eberhardt E (2003) Rock slope stability analysis–utilization of advanced numerical techniques. Earth and Ocean sciences at UBC, 4 pp
EM 1110-2-1902 (2003) Engineering and design-Slope stability. US Army corps of engineering. Engineer Manual, Department of the Army, US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1000. https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-2-1902.pdf
Froude MJ, Petley DN (2018) Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016. Nat Hazard 18(8):2161–2181
Gilli JA, Corominas J, Rius J (2000) Using global positioning system technique in landslide monitoring. Eng Geol 55(3):167–192
Highland L, Bobrowsky PT (2008) The landslide handbook: a guide to understanding landslides. US Geological Survey, Reston, p. 129
Hyndman D, Hyndman D (2016) Natural hazards and disasters. Cengage Learning
Indian Standard, I.S. (2002) Indian Standard, Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structures, Fifth Revision, Part-I. Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi
ISC catalogue: International Seismological Centre (2020) On-line Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830, In-text pls refer as (ISC, 2020, last accessed: 29th Dec 2020)
Hibbitt D, Karlsson B, Sorensen P (2004) ABAQUS analysis user's manual. Providence, RI
Jain AK, Manickavavasagam RM, Singh S (2002) Himalayan collision tectonics. Gondwana Research Group Memoir No. 7, 114 pp
Keefer DK (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geol Soc Am Bull 95(4):406–421
Leech ML, Singh S, Jain AK, Klemperer SL, Manickavasagam RM (2005) The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234(1–2):83–97
Leech ML, Singh S, Jain AK (2007) Continuous metamorphic zircon growth and interpretation of U-Pb SHRIMP dating: an example from the Western Himalaya. Intern Geol Rev 49:313–328
Linder W (2009) Digital photogrammetry: a ractical course. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, p 220
Lowrie W (2007) Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 381
Manglik A, Adilakshmi L, Suresh M, Thiagarajan S (2015) Thick sedimentary sequence around Bahraich in the northern part of the central Ganga foreland basin. Tectonophysics 653:33–40
Mugnier JL, Huyghe P (2006) Ganges basin geometry records a pre-15 Ma isostatic rebound of Himalaya. Geology 34(6):445–448
Nadim F, Kjekstad O, Peduzzi P, Herold C, Jaedicke C (2006) Global landslide and avalanche hotspots. Landslides 3(2):159–173
NCS catalogue: National Center for Seismology (2020) On-line Bulletin, https://seismo.gov.in/seismological-data. In text pls refer as (NCS, 2020; last accessed: 29th Dec 2020)
Parkash S (2013) Earthquake related landslides in the Indian Himalaya: experiences from the past and implications for the future. In: Landslide science and practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 327–334
Prasath RA, Paul A, Singh S (2019) Earthquakes in the Garhwal Himalaya of the central seismic gap: a study of historical and present seismicity and their implications to the seismotectonics. Pure Appl Geophys 176(11):4661–4685
Singh IB (1996) Geological evolution of Ganga Plain—an overview. J Palaeontol Soc India 41:99–137
Singh S (2019) Protracted zircon growth in migmatites and in situ melt of Higher Himalayan Crystallines: U–Pb ages from Bhagirathi Valley, NW Himalaya, India. Geosci Front 10(3):793–809
Singh S (2020) Himalayan Magmatism through space and time. Episodes 43(1):358–368
Singh S, Jain AK (2003) Himalayan granitoids. J Virtual Explor 11:1–20
Singh S, Jain AK (2007) Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrine deposits from Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya: geological evidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone. Sed Geol 196:47–57
Singh S, Singh M (2020) Spatial variability of Sr isotope of Gomati river basin within Ganga Alluvial Plain: Implications for global seawater fluxioning. Geochem J 54(2):57–70
Shukla UK, Srivastava P, Singh IB (2012) Migration of the Ganga River and development of cliffs in the Varanasi region, India during the late quaternary: role of active tectonics. Geomorphology 171:101–113
Srinivas D, Srinagesh D, Chadha RK, Ravi Kumar M (2013) Sedimentary thickness variation in the indo-gangetic foredeep from inversion of receiver functions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 103(4):2257–2265. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120046
Su K, Li Y, Cheng D (2016) Slope stability analysis under combined failure criteria. Open Civil Eng J 10(1)
Tiwari A, Narayan AB, Dwivedi R, Dikshit O, Nagarajan B (2020) Monitoring of landslide activity at the Sirobagarh landslide, Uttarakhand, India, using LiDAR, SAR interferometry and geodetic surveys. Geocarto Int 35(5):535–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1524516
Thakur VC (1996) Landslide hazard management and control in India. ICIMOD pulication, 51 pp
Varnes DJ (1978) Slope movement types and processes. Special Report 176:11–33
Yang W, Shen L, Shi P (2015) Mapping landslide risk of the world. In: World atlas of natural disaster risk. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 57–66
Yin A (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci Rev 76(1–2):1–131
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, S., Joshi, A., Sahu, A., Arun Prasath, R., Sharma, S., Dwivedi, C.S. (2022). Himalayan Landslides–Causes and Evolution. In: Kanga, S., Meraj, G., Farooq, M., Singh, S.K., Nathawat, M.S. (eds) Disaster Management in the Complex Himalayan Terrains . Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89308-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89308-8_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-89307-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-89308-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)