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Outline of Geology and Cenozoic Evolution of Slovakia

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Landscapes and Landforms of Slovakia

Part of the book series: World Geomorphological Landscapes ((WGLC))

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Abstract

The territory of Slovakia is located in Central Europe and is built up by the Western Carpathian mountain range to the north and the overstepping Cenozoic Basin system in the central and southern parts. The Western Carpathians are an integral part of the northern branch of the Carpathian arc and the whole European Alpine orogenic system, which was formed by the closure of the Tethys and Alpine Atlantic oceans during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. The Western Carpathians can be longitudinally subdivided into three major tectonic zones, namely, the External, Central, and Internal Western Carpathians. The External Western Carpathians (the Carpathian Flysch Belt) cover the northern territory of Slovakia and represent the Paleogene to Neogene accretionary complex. The Central Western Carpathians, covering the majority of the Slovak territory, include numerous Late Jurassic to Cretaceous nappe units, which are divided from the Carpathians Flysch Belt by the narrow Pieniny Klippen Belt. The Central Western Carpathians include, from the bottom to the top, the Tatric, Veporic, and Gemeric units composed of predominantly Variscan basement and its Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary cover. The thick-skinned thrust sheets are covered by detached thin-skinned nappes of the Fatric, Hronic, and Silicic thrust systems. In the south, the Internal Western Carpathians are represented by the Jurassic accretionary wedge composed of the Meliata, Turňa, and Silica nappes. The Alpine nappe system of the Western Carpathians is covered by sediments deposited in various Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene Basins and volcanic formations. The present landscapes and landforms of Slovakia are a result of many forces, like the active tectonics, selective erosion and denudation of the elevated parts of the Earth surface, but also the transport and deposition of sediments into depressions. This process can be traced back during the Quaternary time (up to 2.6 Ma), and perhaps very weakly during the Neogene period (up to 23 Ma). For the older Cenozoic and Mesozoic periods, it is not possible to document landscape, but we prepared palaeogeographical models that lack data and a strong generalisation increase with the shift to the past. Such palaeogeographical maps or 2.5D models can than inform us about the occurrence of mountain ranges, lowlands, but also rivers, lakes and seas or oceans in these ancient periods from a geological record.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-17-0170, APVV-16-0121, APVV-20-0120 and the Science Grant Agency—project VEGA 1/0346/20.

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  1. Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Rastislav Vojtko, Dušan Plašienka & Michal Kováč

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  1. Rastislav Vojtko
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  2. Dušan Plašienka
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  3. Michal Kováč
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Correspondence to Rastislav Vojtko .

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  1. Department of Physical Geography, Geomorphology and Natural Hazards, Institute of Geography Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Milan Lehotský

  2. Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Regional Development, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia

    Martin Boltižiar

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Vojtko, R., Plašienka, D., Kováč, M. (2022). Outline of Geology and Cenozoic Evolution of Slovakia. In: Lehotský, M., Boltižiar, M. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Slovakia. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89293-7_2

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