Abstract
Since the plastic frenzy began during the last century, the contamination of air, water, soil, and biota with microplastics, the degraded metabolites of plastics, has become a subject of environmental research. Resolving the issue requires the tracking of microplastics back to their sources. Environmental forensic approaches have the potential to tackle this ubiquitous challenge, but their application faces serious hindrances. The questions concerned with the manifestation of the problem to the transport, eventual fate, and source identification are still to a large extent unanswered. These issues are faced due to the poor understanding of interconnectedness of environmental metrics and lack of standardized data. This review is conducted with the purpose of assessing potential routes of microplastics by understanding the sink-source identification techniques and to determine the effectiveness of different metrics for the study of microplastics and their application as a tool in environmental forensics and other relevant fields.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbasi S, Turner A (2021) Human exposure to microplastics: a study in Iran. J Hazard Mater 5(403):123799
Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F (2019) Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County. Iran Environ Pollut 244:153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.039
Abrusci C, Pablos JL, Corrales T (2011) Biodegradation of photo-degraded mulching films based on polyethylenes and stearates of calcium and iron as pro-oxidant additives. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65:451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.10.012
Akanyange SN, Lyu X, Zhao X (2021) Does microplastic really represent a threat? A review of the atmospheric contamination sources and potential impacts. Sci Total Environ 777:146020
Alimba CG, Faggio C (2019) Microplastics in the marine environment: current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 68:61–74
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605
Andrady AL (2017) The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 119:12–22
Ashwini S, Varghese G (2020) Environmental forensic analysis of the microplastic pollution at “Nattika” beach, Kerala coast, India. Environ Forensic 21:21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2019.1693442
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Browne MA (2015) Sources and pathways of microplastics to habitats. Mar Anthropog Litter 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3
Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45:9175–9179
Cai L, Wang J, Peng J (2017) Characteristic of microplastics in the atmospheric fallout from Dongguan city, China: preliminary research and first evidence. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:24928–24935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0116-x
Cole M (2016) A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers. Sci Rep 6(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34519
Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597
Council NR (2014) Science needs for microbial forensics: developing initial international research priorities. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
de Carvalho AR, Garcia F, Riem-Galliano L (2021) Urbanization and hydrological conditions drive the spatial and temporal variability of microplastic pollution in the Garonne River. Sci Total Environ 769:144479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144479
Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M (2016) Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Mar Pollut Bull 104:290–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C (2017) A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environ Pollut 221:453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013
Dümichen E, Eisentraut P, Bannick CG (2017) Fast identification of microplastics in complex environmental samples by a thermal degradation method. Chemosphere 174:572–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.010
Enyoh CE, Verla AW, Verla EN (2019) Airborne microplastics: a review study on method for analysis, occurrence, movement and risks. Environ Monit Assess 191(11):1–7
Evangeliou N, Grythe H, Klimont Z (2020) Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions. Nat Commun 11:3381
Feng S, Lu H, Tian P (2020) Analysis of microplastics in a remote region of the Tibetan plateau: implications for natural environmental response to human activities. Sci Total Environ 739:140087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140087
Frias JPGL, Nash R (2019) Microplastics: finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull 138:145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Gatson E, Woo M, Steele C (2020) Microplastics differ between indoor and outdoor air masses: insights from multiple microscopy methodologies. Appl Spectrosc 74:1079–1098
Gwinnett C, Harrison E, Osbornee A (2021) Sampling microplastics for environmental forensic applications. Environ Forensic 14:I–III. https://doi.org/10.31025/26114135/2021.14080
Heink U, Kowarik I (2010) What are indicators? On the definition of indicators in ecology and environmental planning. Ecol Indic 10:584–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.09.009
Hendrickson E, Minor EC, Schreiner K (2018) Microplastic abundance and composition in western lake superior as determined via microscopy, Pyr-GC/MS, and FTIR. Environ Sci Technol 52:1787–1796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05829
Henry B, Laitala K, Klepp IG (2019) Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment. Sci Total Environ 652:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.1661
Huang Y, Xiao X, Xu C et al (2020) Seagrass beds acting as a trap of microplastics - emerging hotspot in the coastal region? Environ Pollut 257:113450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113450
Huppertsberg S, Knepper TP (2018) Instrumental analysis of microplastics—benefits and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem 410:6343–6352
Hurley RR, Lusher AL, Olsen M, Nizzetto L (2018) Validation of a method for extracting microplastics from complex, organic-rich, environmental matrices. Environ Sci Technol 52:7409–7417. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01517
Jakubowski B, Frumkin H (2010) Environmental metrics for community health improvement. Prev Chronic Dis 7(4)
Kitahara KI, Nakata H (2020) Plastic additives as tracers of microplastic sources in Japanese road dusts. Sci Total Environ 736:139694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139694
Klein M, Fischer EK (2019) Microplastic abundance in atmospheric deposition within the metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany. Sci Total Environ 685:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.405
Kumar M, Xiong X, He M (2020) Microplastics as pollutants in agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 265:114980
Kumar R, Sharma P, Manna C, Jain M (2021) Abundance, interaction, ingestion, ecological concerns, and mitigation policies of microplastic pollution in riverine ecosystem: a review. Sci Total Environ 782
Laskar N, Kumar U (2019) Plastics and microplastics: a threat to environment. Environ Technol Innov 14:100352
Lechthaler S, Esser V, Schüttrumpf H, Stauch G (2021) Why analysing microplastics in floodplains matters: application in a sedimentary context. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 23(1):117–131
Lenz R, Enders K, Stedmon CA (2015) A critical assessment of visual identification of marine microplastic using Raman spectroscopy for analysis improvement. Mar Pollut Bull 100:82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.026
Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen J (2018) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res 137:362–374
Li C, Gan Y, Zhang C (2021) “Microplastic communities” in different environments: differences, links, and role of diversity index in source analysis. Water Res 188:116574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116574
Lin L, Zuo LZ, Peng JP (2018) Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in an urban river: a case study in the Pearl River along Guangzhou City, China. Sci Total Environ 644:375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.327
Lindeque PK, Cole M, Coppock RL (2020) Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size. Environ Pollut 265:114721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721
Liu K, Wang X, Fang T (2019) Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai. Sci Total Environ 675:462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.110
Liu K, Wang X, Song Z (2020) Terrestrial plants as a potential temporary sink of atmospheric microplastics during transport. Sci Total Environ 742:140523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140523
Löder MGJ, Imhof HK, Ladehoff M (2017) Enzymatic purification of microplastics in environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 51:14283–14292. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03055
Lu HC, Ziajahromi S, Neale PA, Leusch FDL (2021) A systematic review of freshwater microplastics in water and sediments: recommendations for harmonisation to enhance future study comparisons. Sci Total Environ 781
Luo W, Su L, Craig NJ (2019) Comparison of microplastic pollution in different water bodies from urban creeks to coastal waters. Environ Pollut 246:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.081
Mai L, Bao L-J, Shi L (2018) Review of methods for measuring microplastics in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1692-0
Mbachu O, Jenkins G, Pratt C, Kaparaju P (2020) A new contaminant superhighway? A review of sources, measurement techniques and fate of atmospheric microplastics. Water Air Soil Pollut 231(2):1–27
Miller E, Sedlak M, Lin D (2021) Recommended best practices for collecting, analyzing, and reporting microplastics in environmental media: lessons learned from comprehensive monitoring of San Francisco Bay. J Hazard Mater 409:124770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124770
Mintenig SM, Löder MGJ, Primpke S, Gerdts G (2019) Low numbers of microplastics detected in drinking water from ground water sources. Sci Total Environ 648:631–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.178
Morritt D, Stefanoudis PV, Pearce D (2014) Plastic in the Thames: a river runs through it. Mar Pollut Bull 78:196–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.035
Murphy F, Ewins C, Carbonnier F (2016) Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol 50:5800–5808. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
Muthukumar T, Aravinthan A, Lakshmi K (2011) Fouling and stability of polymers and composites in marine environment. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65:276–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.11.012
Napper IE, Thompson RC (2016) Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 112:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
Ng KL, Obbard JP (2006) Prevalence of microplastics in Singapore’s coastal marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 52:761–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.017
Prata JC (2018) Airborne microplastics: consequences to human health? Environ Pollut 234:115–126
Prata JC, Castro JL, da Costa JP (2020) The importance of contamination control in airborne fibers and microplastic sampling: experiences from indoor and outdoor air sampling in Aveiro. Portugal Mar Pollut Bull 159:111522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111522
Qiu Q, Tan Z, Wang J (2016) Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 176:102–109
Renner G, Schmidt TC, Schram J (2018) Analytical methodologies for monitoring micro(nano)plastics: which are fit for purpose? Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal 1:55–61
Rochman CM, Tahir A, Williams SL (2015) Anthropogenic debris in seafood: plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Sci Rep 55(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14340
Scheurer M, Bigalke M (2018) Microplastics in Swiss floodplain soils. Environ Sci Technol 52:3591–3598. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06003
Schwarz AE, Ligthart TN, Boukris E, van Harmelen T (2019) Sources, transport, and accumulation of different types of plastic litter in aquatic environments: a review study. Mar Pollut Bull 143:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.029
Sruthy S, Ramasamy EV (2017) Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India. Environ Pollut 222:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.038
Stanton T, Johnson M, Nathanail P (2019) Freshwater and airborne textile fibre populations are dominated by ‘natural’, not microplastic, fibres. Sci Total Environ 666:377–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.278
Thomassen MA, De Boer IJM (2005) Evaluation of indicators to assess the environmental impact of dairy production systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 111:185–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.06.013
Tourinho PS, Kočí V, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM (2019) Partitioning of chemical contaminants to microplastics: sorption mechanisms, environmental distribution and effects on toxicity and bioaccumulation. Environ Pollut 252:1246–1256
Tsang YY, Mak CW, Liebich C (2017) Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 115:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.003
Turner S, Horton AA, Rose NL, Hall C (2019) A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK. J Paleolimnol 61:449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00071-7
Vermeiren P, Muñoz CC, Ikejima K (2016) Sources and sinks of plastic debris in estuaries: a conceptual model integrating biological, physical and chemical distribution mechanisms. Mar Pollut Bull 113:7–16
Vianello A, Jensen RL, Liu L, Vollertsen J (2019) Simulating human exposure to indoor airborne microplastics using a breathing thermal manikin. Sci Rep 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45054-w
Woodall LC, Gwinnett C, Packer M et al (2015) Using a forensic science approach to minimize environmental contamination and to identify microfibres in marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 95:40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.044
Wright SL, Kelly FJ (2017) Plastic and human health: a micro issue? Environ Sci Technol 51:6634–6647. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00423
Wright SL, Ulke J, Font A (2020) Atmospheric microplastic deposition in an urban environment and an evaluation of transport. Environ Int 136:105411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105411
Zahran S, Mielke HW, McElmurry SP (2013) Determining the relative importance of soil sample locations to predict risk of child lead exposure. Environ Int 60:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.004
Zhang Y, Kang S, Allen S (2020) Atmospheric microplastics: a review on current status and perspectives. Earth-Science Rev 203:103118
Zhou B, Wang J, Zhang H (2020) Microplastics in agricultural soils on the coastal plain of Hangzhou Bay, East China: multiple sources other than plastic mulching film. J Hazard Mater 388:121814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121814
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farooq, S., Qadir, A., Jameel, N. (2022). Evaluation of Different Metrics to Study Microplastics as an Environmental Forensic Tool. In: Hashmi, M.Z. (eds) Microplastic Pollution. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89220-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89220-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-89219-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-89220-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)