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Immigration Judicial Reviews pp 129–163Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Claimants, Funding, Costs, Innovations, and Reforms

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies ((PSLS))

Abstract

This chapter considers some remaining questions on the profile and position of those who bring immigration judicial review challenges. We present data concerning the views and experiences of claimants and representatives and discuss the position of litigants in person. We also consider the matter of funding and costs. We show how immigration judicial review cases often involve claimants being subjected to a process which is legalistic and confusing, often without clear options for funding quality legal advice. In light of this, we also explore some innovations within the system that were in development during our study.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We have changed the names of claimants for the purpose of preserving their anonymity.

  2. 2.

    M. Galanter, ‘Why the ‘Haves’ Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change’ (1974) 9 Law & Society Review 95.

  3. 3.

    There has been limited research on this aspect of administrative justice. The major work in the United Kingdom remains D. Cowan, S. Halliday, C. Hunter, P. Morgan, and L. Naylor, The Appeal of Internal Review (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003).

  4. 4.

    Representative interview.

  5. 5.

    Representative interview.

  6. 6.

    Representative interview.

  7. 7.

    Representative interview.

  8. 8.

    Representative interview.

  9. 9.

    Representative interview.

  10. 10.

    Representative interview.

  11. 11.

    Representative interview.

  12. 12.

    Representative interview.

  13. 13.

    H. Genn, ‘Do-it-yourself Law: Access to Justice and the Challenge of Self-representation’ (2013) 32 Civil Justice Quarterly 411; JUSTICE, Delivering Justice in an Age of Austerity (London, 2015).

  14. 14.

    The Judicial Working Group on Litigants in Person: Report (2013), p. 6.

  15. 15.

    Upper Tribunal Judge interview.

  16. 16.

    Hysaj v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] EWCA Civ 166 [44].

  17. 17.

    Upper Tribunal Judge interview.

  18. 18.

    Judiciary.uk, ‘Advice for Litigants in Person’ available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/you-and-the-judiciary/going-to-court/advice-for-lips/  (accessed 19.11.2018); Administrative Court Guide (London, 2017).

  19. 19.

    Representative interview.

  20. 20.

    Representative interview.

  21. 21.

    Representative interview.

  22. 22.

    Representative interview.

  23. 23.

    Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, ss. 9 and s. 10.

  24. 24.

    Civil Legal Aid (Financial Resources and Payment for Services) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/480) (as amended).

  25. 25.

    Civil Legal Aid (Merits Criteria) Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/104) (as amended).

  26. 26.

    See, e.g., The Bach Commission, The Right to Justice (London: Fabian Society, 2017).

  27. 27.

    R. (on the application of Ben Hoare Bell Solicitors & Ors) v The Lord Chancellor [2015] EWHC 523 (Admin); The Civil Legal Aid (Remuneration) (Amendment) Regulations 2015 (SI 2015/898).

  28. 28.

    Representative interview.

  29. 29.

    Representative interview.

  30. 30.

    Representative interview.

  31. 31.

    Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, s. 10. See also HC Commons Committee, 8th sitting, 6 September 2011, Column 349 (Jonathan Djanogly MP).

  32. 32.

    [2015] EWHC 1965 (Admin) and [2016] EWCA Civ 464.

  33. 33.

    E. Marshall and J. Tomlinson, Improving Exceptional Case Funding: Providers’ Perspectives (Public Law Project, 2020).

  34. 34.

    Representative interview.

  35. 35.

    ZN (Afghanistan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] EWCA 1059, [67] (Singh LJ); R (Khan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] EWCA Civ 1684, [44] (Singh LJ).

  36. 36.

    R (M) v Croydon London Borough Council [2012] 1 WLR 2607, [60]–[63].

  37. 37.

    J. Tomlinson and A. Pickup, ‘Reforming Judicial Review Costs Rules in an Age of Austerity’ in: A. Higgins (ed), The Civil Procedure Rules Twenty Years On (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020).

  38. 38.

    Representative interview.

  39. 39.

    Independent Review of Administrative Law, Summary of Government Submissions to the Independent Review of Administrative Law (2021) para 32.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., para 33.

  41. 41.

    See Home Office, Litigation Debt: Version 2.0 (September 2018)  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/742058/ggfr-litigation-debt-v2.0ext.pdf.

  42. 42.

    Lord Justice Jackson, Review of Civil Litigation Costs: Final Report (2009); Lord Justice Jackson, Review of Civil Litigation Costs: Supplemental Report, Fixed Recoverable Costs (2017).

  43. 43.

    Lord Justice Jackson, Review of Civil Litigation Costs: Final Report (2009), Ch. 30.

  44. 44.

    Ibid., p. 326.

  45. 45.

    Reforming Civil Litigation Funding and Costs in England and Wales—Implementation of Lord Justice Jackson’s Recommendations: The Government Response (Cm 8041, 2011).

  46. 46.

    Lord Justice Jackson, Review of Civil Litigation Costs: Supplemental Report, Fixed Recoverable Costs (2017), Chapter 10 [2.7(i)].

  47. 47.

    Ibid., Appendix 16.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    M. Fouzder, ‘MoJ can’t Find Key Jackson Costs Note’ (Law Society Gazette, 15 July 2019).

  50. 50.

    Independent Review of Administrative Law (CP 407, 2021), p. 78.

  51. 51.

    Ibid., p. 79.

  52. 52.

    Ministry of Justice, Judicial Review Reform: The Government Response to the Independent Review of Administrative Law (CP 408, 2021).

  53. 53.

    Home Office, New Plan for Immigration (CP 412, 2021), p. 28.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., p. 23.

  55. 55.

    Home Office, Consultation on the New Plan for Immigration: Government Response (CP 493, 2020), pp. 12–13.

  56. 56.

    Senior President of Tribunals, ‘Practice Statement: Delegation of functions to staff in the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) on or after 9 December 2013’ https://www.judiciary.uk/publications/delegation-of-functions-to-staff-in-the-upper-tribunal-immigration-and-asylum-chamber-on-or-after-9-december-2013/  (accessed 19.10.2018).

  57. 57.

    Representative interview.

  58. 58.

    Sir Ernest Ryder, ‘Justice in a Modern Way’ (Speech to the Administrative Law Bar Association, 16 July 2018) available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/spt-speech-alba-lecture-july-2018.pdf  (accessed 19.10.2018).

  59. 59.

    Senior President of Tribunals’ Annual Report (2018).

  60. 60.

    M Adler, ‘Tribunal Reform: Proportionate Dispute Resolution and the Pursuit of Administrative Justice’ (2006) 69 Modern Law Review 958, 978.

  61. 61.

    Representative interview.

  62. 62.

    Representative interview.

  63. 63.

    Upper Tribunal Judge interview.

  64. 64.

    For the wider context, see: R. Thomas and J. Tomlinson, ‘A Different Tale of Judicial Power: Administrative Review as a Problematic Response to the Judicialisation of Tribunals’ [2019] P.L. 537.

  65. 65.

    Upper Tribunal Judge interview.

  66. 66.

    Representative interview.

  67. 67.

    Representative interview.

  68. 68.

    Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, An Inspection of the Administrative Review Processes Introduced Following the Immigration Act 2014 (2016); Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, A Re-inspection of the Administrative Review Process (2017).

  69. 69.

    Upper Tribunal Judge interview.

  70. 70.

    Representative interview.

  71. 71.

    A. Leggatt, Tribunals for Users: One System, One Service, Report of the Review of Tribunals (2001).

  72. 72.

    For instance, the Joint Committee on Human Rights resisted the withdrawal of appeals, but did not consider the lack of appeals in human trafficking, statelessness, and domestic violence decisions. See Joint Committee on Human Rights, Legislative Scrutiny: Immigration Bill (HL 102 HC 935 2013–14).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Robert Thomas

  2. York Law School, University of York, York, UK

    Joe Tomlinson

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Correspondence to Robert Thomas .

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Thomas, R., Tomlinson, J. (2021). Claimants, Funding, Costs, Innovations, and Reforms. In: Immigration Judicial Reviews. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88927-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88927-2_5

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