Abstract
The early years of the twenty-first century witnessed disjointed changes in health policy: a constitutional devolution of power to the regions and, conversely, de facto fiscal governance that was weighted in favour of the central government’s fiscal objectives. This changed the direction of the health policy debate, which focused on its fiscal dimensions, as it was generally accepted that organizational issues were a regional responsibility. The new and tighter fiscal policy showed remarkable continuity between governments of the centre-right and the centre-left. It reflected the strengthening of the European Union fiscal policy through its Stability and Growth Pact, which had been translated into domestic policy as the Internal Stability Pact. The stagnant political climate was shattered by the two converging crises of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agamben, G. (2020) A che punto siamo? L’epidemia come politica. Macerata, Quod libet
AGENAS (2013) Gli effetti della crisi economica e del superticket sull’assistenza specialistica. Roma, AGENAS
Bobini, M., Cinelli, G., Gregiatti, A., Petracca, F. (2019) La struttura e l’attività del SSN. In: Rapporto OASI 2019. Milano, Egea, pp. 33–68
Berridge, V. (1994) Researching contemporary history: AIDS. History Workshop, 38, pp. 228–234
Binkin, N, Michieletto, F., Salmaso, S., Russo, F. (2020) Protecting our health care workers while protecting our communities during COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of approches and early outcomes in two Italian regions. Med. RXiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20060707
Bilinski, A. Emanuel E.J. (2020) COVID-19 and excess all-cause mortality in the uS and in 18 comparison countries. JAMA Nov.24;324(20), pp. 2100–2102
Bosa, I. Castelli, A., Castelli, M. et al. (2021) Response to Covid-19: was Italy (un)prepared ? Health Economics, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744133121000141
Bull, M.J. (2021) The Italian government response to Covid-19 and the making of a prime minister. Contemporary Italian Politics, 13, pp. 149–165
Bull, M.J., Pasquino, G. (2018) Italian politics in an era of recession: The end of bipolarism? South European Society and Politics, 23 (1), pp. 1–12
Capano, G. (2020) Policy design and state capacity in the COVID-19 emergency in Italy: if you are not prepared for the (un)expected, you can be only what you really are. Policy and Society, 39 (3), pp. 326–344
Capano, G. Lippi, A. (2021) Decentralization, policy capacities, and varieties of first health response to the Covid-19 outbreak: evidence from three regions in Italy. Journal of European Public Policy. 28, pp. 1197–1218
Costa, G., Marra, M., Salmaso, S., Gruppo AIE su crisi e salute (2012) Gli indicatori di salute ai tempi della crisi in Italia. Epidemiologia & Prevenzione, 36 (6), pp. 337–366
Comas-Herrera, A., Zalakonn, J., Lemmon, E. et al. (2020) Mortality associated with Covid-19 outbreaks in care homes: Early international evidence. LTC covid.org. International Long-Term Care Policy Network, CPEC-LSE
Cuocolo, L., Gallarati, F. (2021) La Corte difende la gestione unitaria della pandemia con il bazooka della profilassi internazionale. Corti Supreme e Salute, 1, pp. 1–18
De Vogli, R., Marmot, M., Stuckler, D. (2012) Excess suicides and attempted suicides in Italy attributable to the great recession. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67 (4), pp. 378–379
Economou, C., Kaitelidou, D., Kentikelenis, A.E., Sissouras, A., Maresso, A. (2014) The impact of the financial crisis on health and the health system in Greece. In: Maresso A., et al., Eds. Economic Crisis, Health system and health in Europe. Country experiences. Copenhagen, WHO, pp. 103–142
Egidi, V., Demuru, E. (2018) Impatto delle grandi crisi italiane su salute e mortalità : Il caso italiano. In: La società italiana e le grandi crisi economiche, 1929–2016. Annali di Statistica. ISTAT, pp. 57–82
Emmott, B. (2012) Good Italy, Bad Italy. New Haven, Yale University Press
Fee, E., Krieger, N. (1993a) The emerging histories of AIDS: three successive paradigms. History of Philosophy and the Life Sciences, 15, pp. 459–487
Fee, E., Krieger, N. (1993b) Thinking and rethinking AIDS: implications for health policy. International Journal of Health Policy, 23, pp. 323–346
Fisher, D., Teo, Y.Y., Nabarro, D. (2020) Assessing national performance in response to COVID-19. Lancet 396, pp. 653–655
Garzia, D., Karremans, J. (2021) Super Mario 2: comparing the technocrat-led Monti and Draghi governments in Italy. Contemporary Italian Politics, 13, pp. 105–115
Grabowski, D.C. (2020) Nursing home case in Crisis in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Association 324, 23–24.
Grasselli, G., Pesenti, A., Cecconi, M. (2020) Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early experience and forecast during an emergency response. Journal of American Medical Association, 323 (16), pp. 1545–1546
Greer, S.L. (2014) The three faces of European Union health policy: Policy, markets and austerity. Policy and Society, 33, pp. 13–24
Herzlinger, R. (1996) Market-driven healthcare: Who wins, who loses in the transformation of America’s largest service industry. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley
Hunter, D.J. (2020) Trying to “Protect the NHS” in the United Kingdom. New England Journal of Medicine, 383, e136
Imarisio, M., Ravizza, S., Sarzanini, F. (2020) Come nasce un’epidemia: La strage di Bergamo, il focolaio più micidiale d’Europa. Milano, Rizzoli
Iss (2020) Survey nazionale nel contagio COVID-19 nelle strutture residenziali e sociosanitarie. Report finale. Aggiornamento 5 Maggio.Roma (www.iss.it)
Iss (2021a) Epidemia COVID-19.Aggiornamento nazionale. 1 Giugno 2021. (www.iss.it)
Iss (2021b) Characteristics of SARS-COV-2 patients dying in Italy. Report based on available data on April 28, 2021. Roma (www.iss.it)
Istat (2018) Indagine sugli aspetti della vita quotidiana, anno 2017. Roma
ISTAT-Iss (2020) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the total mortality of the resident population in the first quarter of 2020. https://www.istat.it/it/files/2020/05/Istat-iss_eng.pdf
ISTAT (2021a) Indicatori demografici. Anno 2020. Report 3 Maggio 2021.Roma (www.istat.it)
ISTAT (2021b) Prima ondata della pandemia. Un’analisi della mortalità per causa e luogo del decesso. Marzo-Aprile 2020. Report 21 aprile 2021. Roma (www.istat.it)
Karanikolos, M., Heino, P., Mckee, M., Stuckler, D., Legido-Auigley, H. (2016) Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on health in high-income OECD countries: A narrative review. International Journal of Health Services, 46 (2), pp. 208–240
Marangoni, F. (2012) Technocrats in government: The composition and legislative initiatives of the Monti government eight months into its terms of office. Bulletin of Italian Politics, 4 (1), pp. 135–149
Marchildon, G.P., Tuohy, C.H. (2021) Expanding health coverage in Canada: a dramatic shift in the debate. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 16, pp. 371–377
MEF—Ministero dell’Economia e della Finanza (2016) Il Monitoraggio della Spesa sanitaria, Rapporto n° 3, Roma
Mladovsky, P.D., Srivastava, J., Cylus, M., Karanikolos, M., Everovits, T., Thomson, S., McKee, M. (2012) Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe: Policy Summary Copenhagen, WHO/European observatory on Health System and Policies
Morgan, D.R., Astolfi, R. (2015) The financial impact of the GFC: health care spending across the OECD. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 10 (1), pp. 7–19
Nacoti, M., Ciocca, A., Giupponi, A., et al. (2020) At the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian crisis in Italy: Changing perspectives on preparation and mitigation. NEJM Catalyst, 1 (2),pp. 1-5
Odone, A., Londriscina, T., Arnerio, A., Costa, G. (2017) The impact of current economic crisis on mental health in Italy: evidence from two representative national surveys. European Journal of Public Health, 28 (3), pp. 490–495
Onder, G., Rezza, G., Brusaferro, S. (2020) Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA May 12; 323 (18), pp. 1775–1776
Palladino, R., Lee, J.T., Filippidis, T., Millett, C. (2016) The Great Recession and increased cost sharing in European health systems. Health Affairs, 35 (7), pp. 1204–1213
Pavolini, E., Leon, M., Guillen, A.M, Ascoli, U. (2015) From austerity to permanent strain? The EU and welfare state reform in Italy and Spain. Comparative European Politics, 13, pp. 56–76
Pecoraro, F., Clemente, F., Luzi, D. (2020) The efficiency in the ordinary hospital bed management in Italy: An in-depth analysis of intensive care units in the areas affected by COVID-19 before the outbreak. PLOS ONE, 15 (9) e 0239249
Petmesidou, M., Guillen, A.M., Pavolini, E. (2020) Health care in post-crisis South Europe: Inequalities in access and reform trajectories. Social Policy & Administration 54 1–18
Pianta, M., Lucchese, M., Nascia, L. (2021) The Italian government’s economic- policy response to the Coronavirus crisis. Contemporary Italian Politics, 13, pp. 210–225
Pisano, G.P., Sadun, R., Zanini, M. (2020) Lesson from Italy’s response to coronavirus. Harvard Business Review, March 27
Quaglia, L. (2009) The response to the Global Financial Turmoil in Italy: “A financial system that does not speak English”. South European Society and Politics, 14 (1), pp. 7–18
RBM—Cesnsis (2017) VII Rapporto RBM- Censis sulla Sanità pubblica, privata e intermediata: Il futuro del Sistema Sanitario in Italia tra universalismo, nuovi bisogni di cura e sostenibiltà . Roma
Reinhardt, U.E. (1996) Spending more through “Cost Control”: Our obsessive quest to gut the hospital. Health Affairs, 15 (2), pp. 144–145
Rhodes, A., Ferdinande, P., Flaatten, H., et al. (2012) The variability of critical care bed numbers in Europe. Intensive Care Medicine, 38, pp. 1647–1653
Rosenbaum, L. (2020) Facing COVID-19 in Italy. Ethics, logistics and therapeutics on the epidemic’s front line. New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (20), pp. 1873–1875
Royal College of Physicians (2016) Underfunded, underdoctored, overstretched: the NHS in 2016. London, Royal College of Physicians
Saracci, R. (2020) Learning from COVID-19: Prevention is a strategic principle, not an option. American Journal of Public Health, 110 (12), pp. 1803–1804
Scortichini, M., Schneider das Santos, R., De Donato, F., et al. (2020) Excess mortality during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: A two-stage interrupted time-series analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49, pp. 1–9
Skinner, W (1974) The focused factory. Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 113–122
Stuckler, D., Reeves, A., Karanikolos, M., Mckee, M. (2015) The health effects of the global financial crisis: can we reconcile the different views? A network analysis of literature across disciplines. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 10 (1), pp. 83–89
Taroni, F. (2015) Health care policy and politics in Italy in hard times. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 20 (4), pp. 199–200
Taroni, F. (2019) Il volo del calabrone: 40 anni di Servizio sanitario nazionale. Roma, Il Pensiero Scientifico
Ufficio Parlamentare di Bilancio (2019) Lo stato della sanità in Italia. Focus Tematico n° 6.
Ufficio Studi del Senato (2018) Il regionalismo differenziato e gli accordi preliminari con le regioni Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia e Veneto. Dossier n° 16, Roma.
Vicarelli, G., Pavolini, E. (2015) Health workforce governance in Italy. Health Policy, 119 (12), pp. 1606–1612
Viesti, G. (2019) Verso la secessione dei ricchi? Autonomie regionali e unitĂ nazionale. Bari-Roma, Laterza
Wang, Y, Fattore, G. (2020) The impact of the great economic crisis on mental health care in Italy. European Journal of Health Economics, 21, pp. 1259–1272
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Taroni, F. (2021). Two Converging Crises. In: Health and Healthcare Policy in Italy since 1861. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88731-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88731-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88730-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88731-5
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)