Abstract
Although domestic violence can be perpetuated and experienced by any group, women’s experience of domestic violence as victims is considerably more documented than men’s experience. The present article aims to discuss the literature and provide a sociological perspective on why men fail to report domestic violence and why intervention systems work against men instead of providing appropriate support services to assist. The present paper reviews the regional and international literature on male domestic violence victimization. The disparities, limitations, and explanatory implications of the data are highlighted in an attempt to bring more clarity in understanding the phenomenon. This paper argues that data do not accurately show the extent of men’s experience with domestic violence in the Caribbean. This illustrates the reality that it is underreported and extensive research is needed to give more accurate representation of this phenomenon. The current paper also provides recommendations for male-sensitive practice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addis, M.E., and J.R. Mahalik. 2003. Men, Masculinity, and the Contexts of Help Seeking. American Psychologist 58 (1): 5–14.
Afifi, T.O., H. MacMillan, B.J. Cox, and G.J.G. Asmundson. 2009. Mental Health Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence in Marital Relationships in a Nationally Representative Sample of Males and Females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24 (8): 1398–1417.
Alhabib, S., U. Nur, and R. Jones. 2010. Domestic Violence Against Women: Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies. Journal of Family Violence 25 (4): 369–382.
Allen-Collinson, J., and J. Hockey. 2007. Working Out’ Identity: Distance Runners and the Management of Disrupted Identity. Leisure Studies 26 (4): 381–398.
Archer, J. 2000. Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin 126 (5): 651–680.
Archer, J. 2002. Sex Differences in Physically Aggressive Acts Between Heterosexual Partners: A Meta-Analytic Review. Aggression and Violent Behavior 7 (4): 313–351.
Bair-Merritt, M.H., S. Shea Crowne, D.A. Thompson, E. Sibinga, M. Trent, and J. Campbell. 2010. Why Do Women Use Intimate Partner Violence? A Systematic Review of Women’s Motivations. Trauma, Violence and Abuse 11 (4): 178–189.
Barber, C.F. 2008. Domestic Violence Against Men. Nursing Standards 22 (51): 35–39.
Barrett, B.J., and M.S. Pierre. 2011. Variations in Women’s Help Seeking in Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from a Canadian Population-Based Study. Violence Against Women 17 (1): 47–70.
Bates, E.A. 2020. “No One Would Ever Believe Me”: An Exploration of the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization on Men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities 21 (4): 497–507.
Bates, E.A., and N. Graham-Kevan. 2016. Is the Presence of Control Related to Help-Seeking Behavior? A Test of Johnson’s Assumptions Regarding Sex-Differences and the Role of Control in Intimate Partner Violence. Partner Abuse 7 (1): 3–25.
Berger, J.L., M.E. Addis, J.D. Green, C. Mackowiak, and V. Goldberg. 2013. Men’s Reactions to Mental Health Labels, Forms of Help-Seeking, and Sources of Help-Seeking Advice. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 14 (4): 433–443.
Bonomi, A.E., R.S. Thompson, M. Anderson, R.J. Reid, D. Carrell, A. Dimer, and E.R. Rivara. 2006. Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Physical, Mental, and Social Functioning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 (6): 458–466.
Brown, G. 2004. Gender as a Factor in the Response of the Law-Enforcement System to Violence Against Partners. Sexuality and Culture 8: 3–139.
Carbone-López, K., C. Kruttschnitt, and R. Macmillan. 2006. Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence and Their Associations with Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Substance Use. Public Health Reports 121 (4): 382–392.
Caribbean Community Secretariat (CAREC). 2006. Report of the Caribbean Commission on Health and Development. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
Carmo, R., A. Grams, and T. Magalhães. 2011. Men as Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 18 (8): 355–359.
Choi, Y.J., and S. An. 2016. Interventions to Improve Responses of Helping Professionals to Intimate Partner Violence: A Quick Scoping Review. Research on Social Work Practice 26 (1): 101–127.
Clarke, R. 1998. Violence Against Women in the Caribbean: State and Non-state Responses. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Connell, R.W., and J.W. Messerschmidt. 2005. Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society 19 (6): 829–859.
Cook, P.W. 2009. Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence, 2nd ed. Westport: Praeger.
Corbally, M. 2015. Accounting for Intimate Partner Violence: A Biographical Analysis of Narrative Strategies Used by Men Experiencing IPV from Their Female Partners. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30 (17): 3112–3132.
Danns, G., and B. Parsad. 1989. Domestic Violence and Marital Relationships in the Caribbean: A Guyana Case Study. Georgetown: University of Guyana, Women’s Study Unit.
Douglas, E.M., and D.A. Hines. 2011. The Helpseeking Experiences of Men Who Sustain Intimate Partner Violence: An Overlooked Population and Implications for Practice. Journal of Family Violence 26 (6): 473–485.
Du Plat-Jones, Joanne. 2006. Domestic Violence: The Role of Health Professionals. Nursing Standard 21 (14–16): 44–48.
Dutton, D.G. 2008. My Back Pages: Reflections on Thirty Years of Domestic Violence Research. Trauma, Violence and Abuse 9 (3): 131–143.
Dutton, D.G. 2010. The Gender Paradigm and the Architecture of Anti-Science. Partner Abuse 1: 5–25.
Dutton, D.G., and K.R. White. 2013. Male Victims of Domestic Violence. New Male Studies: An International Journal 2 (1): 5–17.
Elam, P. 2016. Gynocentrism: The Root of Feminism [Speech]. The International Conference on Men’s Issues, Excel London, UK.
Ellsberg, M., H. Jansen, L. Heise, C.H. Watts, and C. Garcia-Moreno. 2008. Intimate Partner Violence and Womens Physical and Mental Health in the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence: An Observational Study. The Lancet 371 (9619): 1165–1172.
Esquivel-Santoveña, E.E., and L. Dixon. 2012. Investigating the True Rate of Physical Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of Nationally Representative Surveys. Aggression and Violent Behavior 17 (3): 208–219.
Follingstad, D., D.D. DeHart, and E. Green. 2004. Psychologists’ Judgments of Psychologically Aggressive Actions When Perpetrated by a Husband Versus a Wife. Violence and Victims 19 (4, September): 435–452.
Fritz, G.K. 2000. Domestic Violence Hurts Children as Well as Adults. Brown University Child and Adolescent Behaviour Letter 16 (7): 8.
Gadd, D., S. Farrall, D. Dallimore, and N. Lombard. 2003. Male Victims of Domestic Violence. Criminal Justice Matters 53: 16–17.
Gadd, D., S. Farrall, N. Lombard, and D. Dallimore. 2002. Domestic Abuse Against Men in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
George, M.J. 1994. Riding the Donkey Backwards: Men as the Unacceptable Victims of Marital Violence. Journal of Men’s Studies 3 (2): 137–159.
George, M.J. 2002. Skimmington Revisited. Journal of Men’s Studies 10 (2): 111–127.
Gibbons, A.Y. 2013. The Commonwealth Caribbean: Family Policy in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). In Handbook of Family Policies Across the Globe, ed. M. Robila, 405–425. New York, NY: Springer.
Gondolf, E.W. 1998. The Victims of Court-Ordered Batterers: Their Victimization, Help-Seeking, and Perceptions. Violence Against Women 4 (6): 569–676.
Gopaul, R., P. Morgan, and R. Reddock. 1996. Women, Family and Family Violence in the Caribbean: The Historical and Contemporary Experience with Special Reference to Trinidad and Tobago. Kingston and St. Augustine: Caribbean Community Secretariat; University of the West Indies, Centre for Gender and Development Studies.
Hamel, J. 2007. Toward a Gender-Inclusive Conception of Intimate Partner Violence Research and Theory: Part 1-Traditional Perspectives. International Journal of Men’s Health 6 (1): 36.
Hammon, A.M. 2016. Women’s Experiences of Engaging in Intimate Partner Violence in Heterosexual Relationships: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Professional Doctoral thesis. University of East London Psychology. https://doi.org/10.15123/PUB.5842.
Harris, J., and White, V. 2018. A Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780198796688.001.000.
Hester, M. 2013. Who Does What to Whom? Gender and Domestic Violence Perpetrators: Gender and Domestic Violence Perpetrators in English Police Records. European Journal of Criminology 10 (5): 623–637.
Hines, D., J. Brown, and E. Dunning. 2007. Characteristics of Callers to the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men. Journal of Family Violence 22 (2): 63–72.
Hines, D.A., and E.M. Douglas. 2010. Intimate Terrorism by Women Towards Men: Does It Exist? Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2 (3): 36–56.
Hogan, K.F., J.R. Hegarty, T. Ward, and L.J. Dodd. 2012. Counsellors’ Experiences of Working with Male Victims of Female-Perpetrated Domestic Abuse. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 12 (1): 44–52.
Huntley, A.L., L. Potter, E. Williamson, A. Malpass, E. Szilassy, and G. Feder. 2019. Help Seeking by Male Victims of Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA): A Systematic Review and Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. British Medical Journal Open 9 (6): 1–13.
Hutchison, I.W., and J.D. Hirschel. 1998. Abused Women: Help-Seeking Strategies and Police Utilization. Violence Against Women 4 (4): 436–456.
Javaid, A. 2017. The Unknown Victims: Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, and Male Sexual Victimisation. Sociological Research Online 22 (1, February): 28–47.
Johnson, D. 1986. Using Sociology to Analyze Human and Organizational Problems: A Humanistic Perspective to Link Theory and Practice. Clinical Sociology Review 4: 57–70.
Johnson, U. 1996. The Reconstruction of Masculinity: Breaking the Link Between Maleness and Violence. Presented at The University of the West Indies Centre for Gender and Development Studies, St. Augustine, Conference on The Construction of Caribbean Masculinity: Towards a Research Agenda, January 11–13.
Joseph-Edwards, A., and W.C. Wallace. 2020. Suffering in Silence, Shame, Seclusion, and Invisibility: Men as Victims of Female Perpetrated Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Family Issues 42 (8, September): 1805–1830.
Jurik, N., and R. Winn. 1990. Gender and Homicide: A Comparison of Men and Women Who Kill. Violence and Victims 5 (4, Winter): 227–242, NCJ 130043.
Kaukinen, C.E., S. Meyer, and C. Akers. 2013. Status Compatibility and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Female Intimate Partner Violence Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28 (3): 577–601.
Kaura, S.A., and B.J. Lohman. 2007. Dating Violence Victimization, Relationship Satisfaction, Mental Health Problems, and Acceptability of Violence: A Comparison of Men and Women. Journal of Family Violence 22: 367–381.
Kolbe, V., and A. Büttner. 2020. Domestic Violence Against Men-Prevalence and Risk Factors. Deutsches Arzteblatt International 117 (31–32): 534–541.
Krug, E.G., J. Mercy, L. Dahlberg, A. Zwi, and R. Lozano (eds.). 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Lawrence, S. 2003. Domestic Violence and Men. Nursing Standards 17 (40): 41–43.
Le Franc, E.R., and L. Rock. 2003. Domestic Violence in Barbados: Changing Interpersonal Relationship Dynamics. Christ Church, Barbados: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
Lövestad, S., and K. Gunilla. 2012. Men’s and Women’s Exposure and Perpetration of Partner Violence: An Epidemiological Study from Sweden. BMC Public Health 12: 945.
McCarrick, J. 2015. New Voices: The “Minority” Man? The Psychologist 28: 376–379.
McCart, M.R., D.W. Smith, and G.K. Sawyer. 2010. Help Seeking Among Victims of Crime: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress 23 (2): 198–206.
McFeely, C., N. Whiting, N. Lombard, and M. McGowan. 2013. Domestic Abuse and Gender Inequality: An Overview of the Current Debate. Retrieved from https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8769, 2021.
Mechem, C.C., F.S. Shofer, S.S. Reinhard, S. Hornig, and E. Datner. 1999. History of Domestic Violence Among Male Patients Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department. Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 6 (8): 786–791.
Migliaccio, T.A. 2002. Abused Husbands: A Narrative Analysis. Journal of Family Issues 23 (1): 26–52.
Miller, S., and M. Meloy. 2006. Women’s Use of Force: Voices of Women Arrested for Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women 12 (1, January): 89–115, NCJ 212762.
Nam, S.K., H.J. Chu, M.K. Lee, J.H. Lee, N. Kim, and S.M. Lee. 2010. A Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help. Journal of American College Health 59: 110–116.
O’Neil, J.M. 2008. Summarizing 25 Years of Research on Men’s Gender Role Conflict Using the Gender Role Conflict Scale New Research Paradigms and Clinical Implications. The Counseling Psychologist 36 (3): 358–445.
Oxford English Dictionary Version 4.0. 2009. Oxford University Presss, ISBN 9780199563838.
Pagelow, M.D., and L.W. Pagelow. 1984. Family Violence. New York: ABC-CLIO.
Parry, Odette. 1996. In One Ear and Out the Other: Unmasking Masculinities in the Caribbean Classroom. Sociological Research Online 1 (2, July): 10–22.
Pence, E., and S. Dasgupta. 2006. Re-Examining ‘Battering’: Are All Acts of Violence Against Intimate Partners the Same? Final Report to Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice, Grant Number 1998-WR-VX-K001, June. Duluth, MN: Praxis International.
Pizzey, E., J.R. Shackleton, and P. Urwin (eds.). 2000. Women or Men—Who Are the Victims? London: Institute for the Study of Civil Society.
Randle, A.A., and C.A. Graham. 2011. A Review of the Evidence on the Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 12 (2): 97–111.
Saunders, D.G. 2002. Are Physical Assaults by Wives and Girlfriends a Major Social Problem? A Review of the Literature. Violence Against Women 8 (12): 1424–1448.
Schlack, R., J. Rüdel, A. Karger, and H. Hölling. 2013. Physical and Psychological Violence Perpetration and Violent Victimization in the German Adult Population: Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 56 (5–6): 755–764.
Smith, D. 2012. A New Response to Youth Crime. New York: Routledge.
Steinmetz, S. 1978. The Battered Husband Syndrome. Victimology 2: 499–509.
Stockdale, L., S. Tackett, and S.M. Coyne. 2013. Sex Differences in Verbal Aggression Use in Romantic Relationships: A Meta-Analytic Study and Review. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 5 (3): 167–178.
Straus, M.A., and K.L. Gozjolko. 2016. Concordance Between Partners in “Intimate Terrorism”: A Comparison of Two Typologies. Aggression and Violent Behavior 29: 55–60.
Stryker, S. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Sweeney, K. 2007. Restrictions of Race, Class, and Gender Norms on Ability to Attain Preferred Gender Roles. Conference Papers—American Sociological Association.
Taylor, C.A., and S.B. Sorenson. 2005. Community-Based Norms About Intimate Partner Violence: Putting Attributions of Fault and Responsibility into Context. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from http://repository.upenn.edu/spp_papers/76.
Thureau, S., I. Le Blanc-Louvry, S. Thureau, C. Gricourt, and B. Proust. 2015. Conjugal Violence: A Comparison of Violence Against Men by Women and Women by Men. Journal of Forensic Legal Medicine 31: 42–46.
Tjaden, P., and N. Thoennes. 2000. Prevalence and Consequences of Male-to-Female and Female-to-Male Intimate Partner Violence as Measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 6: 142–161.
Tsui, V., M. Cheung, and P. Leung. 2010. Help-Seeking Among Male Victims of Partner Abuse: Men’s Hard Times. Journal of Community Psychology 38 (6): 769–780.
Umubyeyi, Aline, et al. 2014. Women Are Considerably More Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Than Men in Rwanda: Results from a Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Women’s Health 14: 99.
UNODC. 2011. Global Study on Homicide: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved April 18, 2021, from http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html.
UNODC. 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2015, from Male and Female Homicide Victims Killed by Intimate Partner or Family Members as Percentage of Total Homicide Victims, Time Series 2005–2012.
UNODC. 2018. Global Study on Homicide: Gender-Related Killing of Women and Girls. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-andanalysis/GSH2018/gsh18_Genderrelated_killing_of_women_and_girls.pdf.
van Wijk, N.P.L. 2012. Domestic Violence by and Against Men and Women in Curaçao: A Caribbean Study. Reprografie Vrije Universiteit.
Vogel, D.L., S.R. Heimerdinger-Edwards, J.H. Hammer, and A. Hubbard. 2011. “Boys Don’t Cry”: Examination of the Links Between Endorse-ment of Masculine Norms, Self-Stigma, and Help-Seeking Attitudes for Men from Diverse Backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology 58: 368–382.
Walker, L.E.A., and A. Browne. 1985. Gender and Victimization by Intimates. Journal of Personality 53 (2): 179.
Wallace, W.C., C. Gibson, N. Gordon, R. Lakhan, J. Mahabir, and C. Seetahal. 2019. Domestic Violence: Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Non-Reporting to the Police in Trinidad and Tobago. Justice Policy Journal 16 (1): 1–30.
World Health Organization. 1996. WHO Global Consultation on Violence and Health. Violence: A Public Health. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/definition/en, 2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cummings, C.T. (2022). A Sociological Perspective of Men’s Underreporting of Domestic Violence and a Lack of Appropriate Interventions in the Caribbean. In: Bissessar, A.M., Huggins, C. (eds) Domestic Violence in the Anglophone Caribbean. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88476-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88476-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88475-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88476-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)