Skip to main content

Low-Latency Delivery Networks for Multimedia Streaming

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Multimedia Cloud Computing Systems
  • 490 Accesses

Abstract

The primary QoE metric of multimedia streaming is the latency of the streaming. CDN technology is a widely-used technique to achieve low-latency streaming. However, CDN can only cover conventional streaming that have a static nature. The interactive streaming enabled by the MSC platform is highly dynamic and relies on the on-demand processing of the multimedia content. Accordingly, this chapter investigates solutions to provide dynamism required by the interactive streaming. In particular, the notion of Fog Delivery Networks (FDN) and federation of the FDNs (a.k.a. F-FDN) is proposed in this chapter. It is shown how F-FDN can provide multi-source streaming by leveraging neighbors within the FDN network.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://aws.amazon.com/s3/.

  2. 2.

    www.twitch.tv.

References

  1. Content Delivery Network (CDN) Caching. www.aws.amazon.com/caching/cdn/, accessed on Aug. 06, 2018.

  2. CDN Network Test. www.cloudharmony.com/speedtest-for-cdn, accessed on Aug. 07, 2018.

  3. CDN Performance. www.cloudflare.com/learning/cdn/performance/, accessed on Aug. 07, 2018.

  4. Vijay Kumar Adhikari, Yang Guo, Fang Hao, Matteo Varvello, Volker Hilt, Moritz Steiner, and Zhi-Li Zhang. Unreeling netflix: Understanding and improving multi-cdn movie delivery. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM ’12, pages 1620–1628, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Michael M Afergan, F Thomson Leighton, and Jay G Parikh. Hybrid content delivery network (cdn) and peer-to-peer (p2p) network, Dec. 2012. US Patent 8,332,484.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Shakeel Ahmad, Christos Bouras, Eliya Buyukkaya, Muneeb Dawood, Raouf Hamzaoui, Vaggelis Kapoulas, Andreas Papazois, and Gwendal Simon. Peer-to-peer live video streaming with rateless codes for massively multiplayer online games. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 11(1):44–62, 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Abubakr O Al-Abbasi and Vaneet Aggarwal. Edgecache: An optimized algorithm for cdn-based over-the-top video streaming services. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), pages 202–207. IEEE, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Emmanuel André, Nicolas Le Breton, Augustin Lemesle, Ludovic Roux, and Alexandre Gouaillard. Comparative study of webRTC open source SFUs for video conferencing. In 2018 Principles, Systems and Applications of IP Telecommunications (IPTComm), pages 1–8. IEEE, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  9. John Apostolopoulos, Tina Wong, Wai-tian Tan, and Susie Wee. On multiple description streaming with content delivery networks. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, volume 3, pages 1736–1745, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  10. John Bartos. Why hls.js is standardizing low-latency streaming, https://www.twitch.tv/demuxed/video/326087400?collection=u1vmyymiybxvlq&filter=all&sort=time. Accessed June. 16, 2021.

  11. Ilias Benkacem, Tarik Taleb, Miloud Bagaa, and Hannu Flinck. Performance benchmark of transcoding as a virtual network function in cdn as a service slicing. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC), 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Timm Böttger, Felix Cuadrado, Gareth Tyson, Ignacio Castro, and Steve Uhlig. Open connect everywhere: A glimpse at the internet ecosystem through the lens of the netflix cdn. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 48(1):28–34, Apr. 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Fangfei Chen, Katherine Guo, John Lin, and Thomas La Porta. Intra-cloud lightning: Building CDNs in the cloud. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference INFOCOM, pages 433–441. IEEE, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yang-hua Chu, Sanjay G Rao, and Hui Zhang. A case for end system multicast (keynote address). In ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, volume 28, pages 1–12. ACM, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Charles D Cranor, Matthew Green, Chuck Kalmanek, David Shur, Sandeep Sibal, Jacobus E Van der Merwe, and Cormac J Sreenan. Enhanced streaming services in a content distribution network. IEEE Internet Computing, 5(4):66–75, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Mahmoud Darwich, Mohsen Amini Salehi, Ege Beyazit, and Magdy Bayoumi. Cost-efficient cloud-based video streaming through measuring hotness. The Computer Journal, Jun. 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stefan Dernbach, Nina Taft, Jim Kurose, Udi Weinsberg, Christophe Diot, and Azin Ashkan. Cache content-selection policies for streaming video services. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM ’16, pages 1–9, Apr. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kerem Durak, Mehmet N Akcay, Yigit K Erinc, Boran Pekel, and Ali C Begen. Evaluating the performance of apple’s low-latency HLS. In 2020 IEEE 22nd International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), pages 1–6. IEEE, 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sam Dutton. Webrtc in the real world: Stun, turn and signaling. Google, Nov, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Roy Fielding, Jim Gettys, Jeffrey Mogul, Henrik Frystyk, Larry Masinter, Paul Leach, and Tim Berners-Lee. Hypertext transfer protocol–http/1.1, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mahya Mohammadi Golchi and Homayun Motameni. Evaluation of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm efficiency inward peer to peer video streaming. Computer Networks, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yang Guo, Kyoungwon Suh, Jim Kurose, and Don Towsley. P2cast: peer-to-peer patching scheme for VoD service. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web, pages 301–309, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Torsten Hoefler and Roberto Belli. Scientific benchmarking of parallel computing systems: twelve ways to tell the masses when reporting performance results. In The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis, SC ’15, page 73, Nov. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Han Hu, Yonggang Wen, Tat-Seng Chua, Jian Huang, Wenwu Zhu, and Xuelong Li. Joint content replication and request routing for social video distribution over cloud CDN: A community clustering method. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 26(7):1320–1333, 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Han Hu, Yonggang Wen, Tat-Seng Chua, Zhi Wang, Jian Huang, Wenwu Zhu, and Di Wu. Community based effective social video contents placement in cloud centric CDN network. In Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ICME ’14, pages 1–6, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Razin Hussain, Mohsen Amini Salehi, Anna Kovalenko, Omid Semiari, and Saeed Salehi. Robust resource allocation using edge computing for smart oil field. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, PDPTA ’18, pages 495–503, July 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  27. John Jannotti, David K Gifford, Kirk L Johnson, M Frans Kaashoek, et al. Overcast: reliable multicasting with on overlay network. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Symposium on Operating System Design & Implementation-Volume 4, page 14. USENIX Association, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yichao Jin, Yonggang Wen, Guangyu Shi, Guoqiang Wang, and Athanasios V Vasilakos. Codaas: An experimental cloud-centric content delivery platform for user-generated contents. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications, ICNC ’12, pages 934–938. IEEE, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Shoaib Khan, Rüdiger Schollmeier, and Eckehard Steinbach. A performance comparison of multiple description video streaming in peer-to-peer and content delivery networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, volume 1 of ICME ’04, pages 503–506, Jun. 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Leonidas Kontothanassis, Ramesh Sitaraman, Joel Wein, Duke Hong, Robert Kleinberg, Brian Mancuso, David Shaw, and Daniel Stodolsky. A transport layer for live streaming in a content delivery network. Proceedings of the IEEE, 92(9):1408–1419, 2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Will Law. Ultra-low-latency streaming using chunked-encoded and chunked-transferred CMAF. Technical report, Akamai, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Xiaohua Lei, Xiuhua Jiang, and Caihong Wang. Design and implementation of streaming media processing software based on RTMP. In 2012 5th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, pages 192–196. IEEE, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Xiangbo Li, Mohsen Amini Salehi, Magdy Bayoumi, and Rajikumar Buyya. CVSS: A Cost-Efficient and QoS-Aware Video Streaming Using Cloud Services. In Proceedings of the 16th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing, CCGrid ’16, May 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Xiangbo Li, Mohsen Amini Salehi, Yamini Joshi, Mahmoud Darwich, Landreneau Brad, and Magdi Bayoumi. Performance Analysis and Modelling of Video Stream Transcoding Using Heterogeneous Cloud Services. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (TPDS), Sep. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2018.2870651.

  35. Xiangbo Li, Mohsen Amini Salehi, Magdy Bayoumi, Nian-Feng Tzeng, and Rajkumar Buyya. Cost-Efficient and Robust On-Demand Video Stream Transcoding Using Heterogeneous Cloud Services. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (TPDS), 29(3):556–571, Mar. 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Yong Liu, Yang Guo, and Chao Liang. A survey on peer-to-peer video streaming systems. Peer-to-peer Networking and Applications, 1(1):18–28, 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Salvatore Loreto and Simon Pietro Romano. Real-time communication with WebRTC: peer-to-peer in the browser. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhi Hui Lu, Xiao Hong Gao, Si Jia Huang, and Yi Huang. Scalable and reliable live streaming service through coordinating cdn and p2p. In Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, ICPADS ’11, pages 581–588, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Nazanin Magharei, Reza Rejaie, and Yang Guo. Mesh or multiple-tree: A comparative study of live p2p streaming approaches. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM ’07, pages 1424–1432, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kwok-Fai Ng, Man-Yan Ching, Yang Liu, Tao Cai, Li Li, and Wu Chou. A P2P-MCU approach to multi-party video conference with WebRTC. International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, 3(5):319, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Naeem Ramzan, Hyunggon Park, and Ebroul Izquierdo. Video streaming over p2p networks: Challenges and opportunities. Signal Processing: Image Communication, 27(5):401–411, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Stefan Saroiu, Krishna P. Gummadi, Richard J. Dunn, Steven D. Gribble, and Henry M. Levy. An analysis of internet content delivery systems. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 36(SI):315–327, December 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Arman Shojaeifard, Kai-Kit Wong, Wei Yu, Gan Zheng, and Jie Tang. Full-duplex cloud radio access network: Stochastic design and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 17(11):7190–7207, Nov. 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Volker Stocker, Georgios Smaragdakis, William Lehr, and Steven Bauer. The growing complexity of content delivery networks: Challenges and implications for the internet ecosystem. Telecommunications Policy, 41(10):1003–1016, Nov. 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Viswanathan Swaminathan and Sheng Wei. Low latency live video streaming using http chunked encoding. In 2011 IEEE 13th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, pages 1–6. IEEE, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. Vakali and G. Pallis. Content delivery networks: status and trends. IEEE Internet Computing, 7(6):68–74, Nov 2003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Vidhyashankar Venkataraman, Kaouru Yoshida, and Paul Francis. Chunkyspread: Heterogeneous unstructured tree-based peer-to-peer multicast. In Proceedings of the 2006 14th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, ICNP ’06, pages 2–11, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Aggelos Vlavianos, Marios Iliofotou, and Michalis Faloutsos. BiToS: Enhancing BitTorrent for supporting streaming applications. In Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM ’06, pages 1–6, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Susie Wee, John Apostolopoulos, Wai-tian Tan, and Sumit Roy. Research and design of a mobile streaming media content delivery network. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, volume 1 of ICME ’03, pages I–5, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Changqiao Xu, G-M Muntean, Enda Fallon, and Austin Hanley. A balanced tree-based strategy for unstructured media distribution in P2P networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC ’08, pages 1797–1801, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dongyan Xu, Sunil Suresh Kulkarni, Catherine Rosenberg, and Heung-Keung Chai. Analysis of a CDN–P2P hybrid architecture for cost-effective streaming media distribution. Multimedia Systems, 11(4):383–399, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tianyin Xu, Jianzhong Chen, Wenzhong Li, Sanglu Lu, Yang Guo, and Mounir Hamdi. Supporting VCR-like operations in derivative tree-based P2P streaming systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC ’09, pages 1–5, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hao Yin, Xuening Liu, Tongyu Zhan, Vyas Sekar, Feng Qiu, Chuang Lin, Hui Zhang, and Bo Li. Design and deployment of a hybrid CDN-P2P system for live video streaming: experiences with livesky. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pages 25–34. ACM, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  54. W-P Ken Yiu, Xing Jin, and S-H Gary Chan. Vmesh: Distributed segment storage for peer-to-peer interactive video streaming. IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, 25(9), 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  55. M. Zink, R. Sitaraman, and K. Nahrstedt. Scalable 360 video stream delivery: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(4):639–650, April 2019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Amini Salehi, M., Li, X. (2021). Low-Latency Delivery Networks for Multimedia Streaming. In: Multimedia Cloud Computing Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88451-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88451-2_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88450-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88451-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics