Abstract
Since 1990 it has been observed a significant increase of the global aged population with a perspective of 1.5 billion of older individuals by 2050 and 3 billion by 2100 due to increased longevity. To guarantee healthy longevity to this population, public policies focused in economic, social and health aspects are crucial. Healthy longevity is influenced by genetics, habits (i.e. healthy nutrition, physical activity, non-smoking) and environment. Several changes occur in organs and tissues during the ageing process, therefore the immune system also suffers alterations that could play a role in age-related conditions (cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, tumoral, and infectious). Recently we had a clear example of how an infectious disease (COVID-19) is exacerbated in aged patients with high morbidity and mortality (mainly in those with comorbidities). It was found an association between elevated morbidity/mortality after SARS-CoV-2 and increased expression of inflammageing and immunosenescence markers. To fight immunosenescence it has been proposed that healthy nutrition and supplements (vitamins B, D, C, or E, essential minerals, and amino acids) could be used. In addition, physical activity has been suggested for the maintenance of adequate function of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, memory, and immune system. Considering the complexity of healthy longevity, this introduction will briefly comment some alterations occurring in the innate and adaptive immunity during the ageing process and possible alternatives of intervention in order to reach old age with functionality. The complete discussion about these changes will be distributed in the Chaps. 2–9.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adeegbe DO, Nishikawa H (2013) Natural and inducedT regulatory cells in cancer. Front Immunol 11(4):190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00190
Alves AS, Ishimura ME, Duarte YAO, Bueno V (2018) Parameters of the immune system and vitamin D levels in old individuals. Front Immunol 9:1122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01122
Bloom DE, Luca DL (2016) The global demography of aging: facts, explanations. Future https://ftp.iza.org/dp10163.pdf
Chen G, Lustig A, Weng N-P (2013) T cell aging: a review of the transcriptional changes determined from genome-wide analysis. Front Immunol 4:121
Cocteau J (2014) Mucosal and cutaneous immunity. 269–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385245-8.00012-1
Colman R, Beasley T, Kemnitz J et al. (2014) Caloric restriction reduces age-related and all-cause mortality in rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun 5:3557. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4557.
Cunha LL, Perazzio SF, Azzi J, Cravedi P, Riella LV (2020) Remodeling of the Immune Response With Aging: Immunosenescence and Its Potential Impact on COVID-19 Immune Response. Front Immunol 11:1748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01748
Dai J, Gazzar ME, Li GY, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ (2015) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: paradoxical roles in infection and immunity. J Innate Immun 7:116–126. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368233
Damiot A, Pinto AJ, Turner JE, Gualano B (2020) Immunological implications of physical inactivity among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic,1–8. Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509216
Dong Y, Dai T, Wei Y, Zhang L, Zheng M, Zhou FF (2020) A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Signal Trans Target Therapy 5:237. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00352-y
Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH, Gage EA, Massey JM, Haynes BF et al (1998) Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 396:690–695
Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI (2017) Degenerative changes in aging skin 3. In Farage et al (eds) Textbook of aging skin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_4
Feng M et al (2019) Phagocytosis checkpoints as new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 19:568–586
Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C et al (2019) Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med 25(12):1822–1832
Gabrilovich DI (2017) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunol Res 5:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0297
Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S (2009) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 9:162–174. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2506
Garg A, Spector SA (2014) HIV type 1 gp120-induced expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells is dependent on interleukin 6 and suppresses immunity. J Infect Dis 209:441–451
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini SA (2020) Review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 12:236
Ilkovitch D, Lopez DM (2009) The liver is a site for tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and immunosuppression. Can Res 69(13):5514–5521
Jackaman C, Nelson DJ (2014) Are macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells and neutrophils mediators of local suppression in healthy and cancerous tissues in aging hosts? Experim Gerontol 54:53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.11.009
Jaillon S, Ponzetta A, Di Mitri D, Santoni A, Bonecchi R, Mantovani A (2020) Neutrophil diversity and plasticity in tumour progression and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 20:503
Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Salminen A (2020) Potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Front Immunol 11:384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00384
Kawakami K, Kadota J, Iida K et al (1999) Reduced immune function and malnutrition in the elderly. Tohoku J Exp Med 187(2) : 157–71 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.187.157
Kieper WC, Jameson SC (1999) Homeostatic expansion and phenotypic conversion of naive T cells in response to self peptide/MHC ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13306–13311
Kim SW, Mo JH, Kim JW, Kim DY, Rhee CS, Lee CH, Min YG (2007) Change of nasal function with aging in Korean. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 558(1):90–94
Kinn PM, Holdren GO, Westermeyer BA, Abuissa M, Fischer CL, Fairley JA, Brogden KA, Brogden NK (2015) Age-dependent variation in cytokines, chemokines, and biologic analytes rinsed from the surface of healthy human skin. Sci Rep 5(1):10472
Kusmartsev S, Gabrilovich DI (2006) Role of immature myeloid cells in mechanisms of immune evasion in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 55(3):237–245
Lang S et al (2018) Clinical relevance and suppressive capacity of human myeloid-derived suppressor cell subsets. Clinic Cancer Res 24:4834–4844. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3726
Larbi A, Dupuis G, Khalil A, Douziech N, Fortin C, Fülöp T (2006) Differential role of lipid rafts in the functions of CD4+ and CD8+ human T lymphocytes with aging. Cell Signal 18:1017–1030
Lerner A, Yamada T, Miller RA (1989) Pgp-1hi T lymphocytes accumulate with age in mice and respond poorly to concanavalin A. Eur J Immunol 19:977–982
Li QQ, Huc C, Lina J, Yang Z, Zhou Q, Yang R, Yuan H, Zhu X, Lv Y, Liang Q, Lv Z, Sun L, Zhang Y (2019) Urinary ionomic analysis reveals new relationship between minerals and longevity in a Han Chinese population. J Trace Elem Med Biol 53:69–75
Linton PJ, Dorshkind K (2004) Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function. Nat Immunol 2004(5):133–139
Liparoti M, Madonna G, Minino R (2020) The role of physical activity and diet in preventing cognitive decline. J Phys Educ Sport (JPES) 20(4). Art 316:2342–2348
Macatangay B, Roper J, Borowski L, Whiteside TL, Rinaldo CR (2011) Levels of cellular immune activation and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are elevated after administration of an HIV-dendritic cell therapeutic vaccine. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, USA
Manoukian N, Bueno V (2016) Cancer, ageing and immunosenescence. In: Bueno V, Lord JM, Jackson TA (ed) The ageing immune system and health, vol 1 (Springer, Switzerland), pp 105–124
McGhee JR, Fujihashi K (2012) Inside the mucosal immune system. PLoS Biol 10:e1001397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001397
Monacelli F, Acquarone E, Giannotti C, Borghi R, Nencioni A (2017) Aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070670
Ochoa AC, Zea AH, Hernandez C, Rodriguez PC (2007) Arginase, prostaglandins, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma. Clinic Cancer Res 13(2):721s–726s
Ostrand-Rosenberg S (2020) Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: facilitators of cancer and obesity-induced cancer. Annual Rev Cancer Biol 11:48
Pawelec G, Larbi A (2008) Immunity and ageing in man: annual review 2006/2007. Exp Gerontol 43:34–38
Pawelec G, Bronikowski A, Cunnane SC, Ferrucci L, Franceschi C, Fül¨op T, Gaudreau P, Gladyshev VN, Gonos ES, Gorbunova V, Kennedy BK, Larbi A, Lemaître J-F, Liu G-H, Maier AB, et al (2020)The conundrum of human immune system “senescence”. Mech Age Dev 192:111357
Popa-Wagner A, Dumitrascu DI, Capitanescu B, Petcu EB, Surugiu R, Fang WH, Dumbrava DA (2020) Dietary habits, lifestyle factors and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 15(3):394–400. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.266045
Reider CA, Chung R-Y, Devarshi PP, Grant RW, Mitmesser SH (2020) Inadequacy of immune health nutrients: intakes in US adults, the 2005–2016 NHANES. Nutrients 12:1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061735
Sellami M, Gasmi M, Denham J et al (2018) Effects of acute and chronic exercise on immunological parameters in the elderly aged : can physical activity counteract the effects of aging? Front Immunol 2018(9):2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187
Turvey SE, Broide DH (2010) Innate immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010(125):S24-32
United Nations (2019) World Population Ageing 2019. Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division ST/ESA/SER.A/430. New York
Verschoor CP, Johnstone J, Millar J et al (2013) Blood CD33(+)HLA-DR(-) myeloid-derived suppressor cells are increased with age and a history of cancer. J Leukoc Biol 93(4):633–637. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0912461
Vollbrecht T, Stirner R, Tufman A, Roider J, Huber RM, Bogner JR, Lechner A, Bourquin C, Draenert R (2012) Chronic progressive HIV-1 infection is associated with elevated levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. AIDS 26:F31–F37
Weng N-P (2006) Aging of the immune system: how much can the adaptive immune system adapt? Immunity 2006(24):495–499
Weyh C, Krüger K, Strasser B (2020) Physical activity and diet shape the immune system during aging. Nutrients 12:622. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030622
Whiteside TL, Schilling SPB (2012) Induced and natural regulatory Tcells inhuman cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 12(10):1383–1397. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.707184
Wilke CM, Wu K, Zhao E, Wang G, Zou W (2010) Prognos-tic significance of regulatory T cells in tumor. Int J Cancer 127(4):748–758. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25464
Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H, Daoud A (2020) Mechanisms of immune suppression by myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the role of interleukin-10 as a key immunoregulatory cytokine. Open Biol 10:200111. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200111
Zhao Y, Wu T, Shao S, Shi B, Zhao Y (2016) Phenotype, development, and biological function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology. 5:e1004983. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2015.1004983
Zuluaga P, Sanvisens A, Teniente-Serra A, Ars OE, Fuster D, Quirant-Sánchez B, Martínez-Cáceres E, Muga R (2020) Loss of naive T lymphocytes is associated with advanced liver fibrosis in alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Dependence 213:108046
Acknowledgements
Valquiria Bueno is funded by CAPES PrInt UNIFESP no 88881.310735/2018-01. Alphonse Laya is funded by CAPES PrInt UNIFESP Scholarship no 008000208041961072.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Author declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Laya, A., Bueno, V. (2022). Healthy Longevity and Immune System: A Brief Introduction. In: Bueno, V., Pawelec, G. (eds) Healthy Longevity and Immune System. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87532-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87532-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87531-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87532-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)