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Cenozoic Evolution of Antarctic Ice Sheet, Circum Antarctic Circulation and Antarctic Climate: Evidence from Marine Sedimentary Records

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Assessing the Antarctic Environment from a Climate Change Perspective

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Abstract

The last few decades have witnessed intensive studies regarding the origin and development of permanent ice sheets in Antarctica. The studies were primarily focused on determining the paleopositions of Antarctica in various plate assemblies, journey of Antarctica to the southernmost position, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations connected to Antarctic cooling, earliest ice-rafted debris deposition in the southern ocean, oxygen isotope composition of the marine sediments to understand ice volume, the opening of the southern ocean gateways and development of the Circum Antarctic Circulation and thermal isolation of Antarctica, meridional heat transport to Antarctica, and the response of Antarctic ice sheet to orbital forcing. All these studies point towards the fact that the Antarctic ice sheet was triggered by more than one mechanism. However, most of the studies and debates revolve around the causes for lowering of temperature rather than the causative factors that contributed to moisture for the massive ice sheets in Antarctica. Interestingly, the geological evidence for the origin and evolution of the Antarctic Ice sheet has mainly been reported from places outside Antarctica, including marine sediments deposited from southern to lower latitudes. Erosion by the probable  ice sheets on Antarctica  in the form of ice-rafted debris gives one of the earliest clues to ice near continental shelves during the Early Oligocene. Studies on the Carbon dioxide concentration point towards a lowering of CO2 levels from 3000 to 800 ppm in the Early Oligocene. A synthesis of the oxygen isotope record of foraminifera also indicates that the cooling started in the Early Oligocene. Other causative factors proposed include the opening of the southern ocean gateways and the development of circum Antarctic Current leading to the thermal isolation of Antarctica. Recent studies have revealed that the ice sheets are not inert to the global carbon cycle and have played an active role. Thus under the climate change scenario, it is essential to understand the history of the Antarctic Ice sheet. The chapter summarizes the crucial researches regarding the origin and development of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and offers some future directions for research.

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Acknowledgements

AKS and DKS thank the Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (DSCCS) of the Institution of Eminence (IoE) and the Department of Geology, University of Delhi, for providing infrastructural support. Financial assistance from the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt of India (Sanction No. MoES/CCR/Paleo-4/2019 ) is thankfully acknowledged. Other authors (KM, VPS, AS, TK) thank their respective institutions for logistic help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Centre of Advanced Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Ashutosh K. Singh & Devesh K. Sinha

  2. Department of Geology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, 484886, India

    Vikram Pratap Singh

  3. Department of Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India

    Kirtiranjan Mallick

  4. Department of Geology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan , 313001, India

    Ankush Shrivastava

  5. Biodiversity and Palaeobiology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India

    Tushar Kaushik

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    Neloy Khare

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Singh, A.K., Sinha, D.K., Pratap Singh, V., Mallick, K., Shrivastava, A., Kaushik, T. (2022). Cenozoic Evolution of Antarctic Ice Sheet, Circum Antarctic Circulation and Antarctic Climate: Evidence from Marine Sedimentary Records. In: Khare, N. (eds) Assessing the Antarctic Environment from a Climate Change Perspective. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87078-2_4

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