Judicial Activism and LGBT Rights

Naik, Yeshwant

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86807-9_4

Yeshwant Naik²

219 Accesses

Abstract

This Chapter examines the legal framework in the EU for preventing or combating domestic violence and dating violence among male same-sex partners. It provides an overview of the formation, composition, jurisdiction, and the activism of the Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights on LGBT family rights. Concerning the protection and promotion of LGBT rights, it narrates how the courts have developed a more elaborate concept to reduce discrimination with the help of the EU legislature, which has indirectly influenced the member states to adopt effective directives. Furthermore, fundamental rights and collective action have been more enhanced by the ECtHR than the ECJ.

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Notes

1.
Monjurul Kabir (2014).
2.
See Court of Justice of the European Union: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/en/ (accessed on April 8, 2020).
3.
See CJEU: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/en/ (accessed on April 8, 2020).
4.
See Article 257 TFEU.
5.
Borchardt (2017), p. 80.
6.
Borchardt (2017), p. 80.
7.
See https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/institutions-bodies/court-justice_en (accessed on April 8, 2020).
8.
See https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/institutions-bodies/court-justice_en (accessed on April 8, 2020).
9.
Borchardt (2017), p. 80.
10.
Borchardt (2017), p. 81.
11.
Kapoor (2018), pp. 886–867.
12.
Article 20 of the European Convention.
13.
Agarwal (2007), p. 451.
14.
Article 23.
15.
Article 21.
16.
Article 23.
17.
Article 24.
18.
Article 33, 34, and 47.
19.
Kapoor (2018), p. 869.
20.
Article 34.
21.
Article 35(1).
22.
Agarwal (2007), p. 451.
23.
Article 47, para 1.
24.
Article 47, para 3.
25.
Article 49.
26.
Ireland v United Kingdom (5310/71).
27.
Cyprus v Turkey (25781/94).
28.
A and others v UK (3455/05).
29.
Appleby v UK (44306/98).
30.
Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v Turkey (41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98).
31.
Ireland v the United Kingdom (5310/71, 5451/72), Denmark v Turkey (34382/97).
32.
Gerards and Senden (2009).
33.
Application no. 6/1987/129/180, 26 October 1988.
34.
Application no. 30141/04, 24 June 2010.
35.
Application no. 13710/88, 16 December 1992, (1993) 16 EHRR 97, para 29.
36.
Botta v Italy (21439/93).
37.
Application no. 44599/98, 6 February 2001, (2001) 33 EHRR 205, para 59.
38.
Application no. 56501/00, 10 May 2001.
39.
Application no. 40016/98, 24 July 2003.
40.
Application no 18984/02, 22 July 2010.
41.
ECJ, C-267/06, Tadao Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen, 1 April, 2008, (ECLI:EU:C:2008:179), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/6-381-1777?__lrTS=20190616044107766&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&bhcp=1 (accessed on March 29, 2020).
42.
ECJ, C-147/08, Jürgen Römer v Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, 10 May, 2011, (ECLI:EU:C:2011:286).
43.
ECJ, C-117/01, KB v NHS Pensions agency and secretary of State for Health, 7 January, 2004, (ECLI:EU:C:2004:7).
44.
Article 157 TFEU provides that: “Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied.” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12012E%2FTXT (accessed on March 29, 2020).
45.
Chalmers et al. (2010), p. 549.
46.
ECtHR, Gas and Dubois v France (25951/07), 15 March 2012.
47.
ECtHR, Charron and Merle-Montet v France (22612/15), 16 January 2018.
48.
See: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=003-5999215-7685226&filename=Decision%20Charron%20and%20Merle-Montet%20v.%20France%20-%20same-sex%20couple (accessed on March 30, 2020).
49.
ECtHR, E.B. v France (43546/02), 22 January 2008.
50.
https://archive.crin.org/en/library/legal-database/eb-v-france.html (accessed March 30, 2020).
51.
ECtHR, Gas and Dubois v France (25951/07), 15 March 2012.
52.
https://archive.crin.org/en/library/legal-database/gas-and-dubois-v-france.html (accessed March 30, 2020).
53.
Application no. 36515/97.
54.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issues, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
55.
Application no. 19010/07.
56.
Rees v U.K. (1987) 9 EHRR 56.
57.
Naik (2017).
58.
11 July 2002, 32 EHRR 18.
59.
11 July 2002, 32 EHRR 100.
60.
Hodson (2007).
61.
Cossey v U.K. (1991) 13 EHRR 622.
62.
Sheffield and Horsham v U.K. (1999) 27 EHRR 163.
63.
Application no. 21439/93, 24 February1998, (1998) 26 EHRR 241, para 32.
64.
Application no. 44599/98, 6 February 2001, (2001) 33 EHRR 205, para 59.
65.
Application no. 56501/00, 10 May 2001.
66.
Application no. 56501/00, 10 May 2001.
67.
Burden v The United Kingdom, ECHR (2008), no. 1337/05, para 62, 65.
68.
Burden v The United Kingdom, para 62, 65.
69.
Burden v The United Kingdom, para 62.
70.
Burden v The United Kingdom, para 63–65.
71.
Applications nos. 29381/09 and 32684/09.
72.
Valliantanos and others v Greece: https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/european-court-of-human-rights-decision-on-gay-marriage-in-italy/ (accessed on March 31, 2020).
73.
Applications nos. 18766/11 and 36030/11 (July 21, 2015), HUDOC.
74.
See Oliari and Others v Italy: https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/european-court-of-human-rights-decision-on-gay-marriage-in-italy/ (accessed on March 31, 2020).
75.
W. v The United Kingdom, ECHR (1989), no. 11095/84.
76.
Shahid (2017).
77.
Application no. 30141/04, 24 June 2010.
78.
Shahid (2017).
79.
Hämäläinen v Finland [2015] 1 FCR 379, [88]-[89].
80.
Application no. 31176/13.
81.
Application no. 31185/13.
82.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issue, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
83.
Applications nos. 26431/12, 26742/12, 44057/12, and 60088/12.
84.
See https://www.ilga-europe.org/resources/news/latest-news/ecthr-orlandi-italy (accessed on April 1, 2020).
85.
ECJ, Case C-673/16.
86.
See http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/86389/ (accessed on April 1, 2020).
87.
Judgment of the Court of 31 May 2001 D and Kingdom of Sweden v Council of the European Union. Joined Cases C-122/99 P and C-125/99 P.
88.
ECtHR, Taddeuci and McCall v Italy, no. 51362/09, 30 June 2016.
89.
ECHR (2016), no. 40183/07.
90.
Schalk & Kopf v Austria, Application no. 30141/04, 24 June 2010, para 43; Scherpe (2013).
91.
Waele and Vleuten (2010), pp. 639–640 (accessed on April 3, 2020).
92.
(1964) Case 6/64, https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/cb4154a0-23c6-4eb5-8b7e-7518e8a2a995/publishable_en.pdf (accessed on April 3, 2020).
93.
(1964) Case 6/64.
94.
Francovich and Bonifaci v Republic of Italy (C-6, 9/90) [1991] I-5357.
95.
See https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/francovich-v-italy.php (accessed on April 3, 2020), Hanft (1991), p. 1273.
96.
Case 314/85 (22 October 1987).
97.
Waele and Vleuten (2010), pp. 640–641.
98.
Case 294/83, Parti Ecologiste ‘Les Verts’ v Parliament, 1986 E.C.R. 1365, Case C–70/88, Parliament v Council (Chernobyl), 1990 E.C.R. I–204. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
99.
Case C–355/04 P, Segi and Others v Council, 2007 E.C.R. I–1657, Case C–303/05, Advocaten voor de Wereld v Leden van de Ministerraad, 2007 E.C.R. I–3633. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
100.
Case C–91/05, Comm’n v Council (ECOWAS), 2008 E.C.R. I–3651. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
101.
Case 8/74, Procureur du Roi v Dassonville, 1974 E.C.R.837, Case 120/78, Rewe–Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, 1979 E.C.R. 649. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
102.
Case 2/74, Reyners v Belg., 1974 E.C.R. 631, Case C–76/90, Säger v Dennemayer & Co., 1991 E.C.R. I–4221, Case C–55/94, Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano, 1995 E.C.R. I–4165, Case C–212/97, Centros Ltd v Erhvervs– og Selskabsstyrelsen, 1999 ECR I–1459. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
103.
Case 53/81, Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, 1982 E.C.R. 1035; Case 139/95, Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, 1986 E.C.R. 1741; Case 196/87, Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, 1988 E.C.R. 6159; Case C–456/02, Trojani v CPAS, 2004 E.C.R. 1–7573. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
104.
Case C–85/96, Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern, 1998 E.C.R. I–2691; Case C–184/99, Grzelczyk v. Centre Public d’aide Sociale d’Ottignies–Louvain–la–Neuve, Case C–184/99, 2001 E.C.R. 1–6193; Case C–413/99, Baumbast v Sec’y of State for the Home Dep’t., 2002 E.C.R. l–7091. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
105.
Case 6/72, Europemballage Corporation v Comm’n of the European Comtys., 1973 E.C.R. 215. See Waele and Vleuten (2010).
106.
(C-249/96) [1998] IRLR 206, ECJ.
107.
Spackman (1997), p. 1078.
108.
Article 13 EC Treaty and https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en.pdf (accessed on April 5, 2020) now TFEU, art. 19 (1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12012M/TXT (accessed on April 5, 2020).
109.
2001 E.C.R. I–4319.
110.
Tadao Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen, 1998 E.C.R. I–1757.
111.
Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen (VddB).
112.
The directive establishes a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.
113.
Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der Deutschen Bühnen [2008] IRLR 250, ECJ https://www.sackers.com/pension/tadao-maruko-v-versorgungsanstalt-der-deutschen-buhnen-european-court-of-justice-1-april-2008/ (accessed on April 5, 2020).
114.
Case C-13/94, [1996] IRLR 347.
115.
See https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20P%20v%20S.pdf (accessed on April 5, 2020).
116.
2004 E.C.R. I–541.
117.
Christine Goodwin v UK.
118.
Chalmers et al. (2010), p. 549.
119.
Case C–423/04, Richards v Sec’y of State for Work & Pensions, 2006 E.C.R. I–3585.
120.
Arsanjani et al. (2010), pp. 502–503.
121.
Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel v X and Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel, C-199/12 to 201/12, para. 75–76.
122.
Case C-473/16.
123.
Zheng (2018).
124.
Application no. 12060/12, 12 April 2016.
125.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issue, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
126.
Application no. 50231/13, 7 January 2014, see also the similar application pending in Beus v Croatia (no. 16943/17).
127.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issue, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
128.
Application no. 25001/07.
129.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issue, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
130.
Application no. 4854/12, 10 July 2012.
131.
Application no. 30953/11, 22 September 2015.
132.
Factsheet, Sexual Orientation Issue, Council of Europe: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Sexual_orientation_ENG.pdf (accessed on April 6, 2020).
133.
de Vries (2013).

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Institute for International and Comparative Public Law, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
Yeshwant Naik

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Naik, Y. (2022). Judicial Activism and LGBT Rights. In: Domestic Violence Against Male Same-Sex Partners in the EU with Special Reference to Refugee and Migrant Gay Men in Germany. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86807-9_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86807-9_4
Published: 27 October 2021
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
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