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State of the Art in Ethiopian Church Forests and Restoration Options pp 171–203Cite as

Woody Vegetation Composition and Structure of Church Forests in Southeast of Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia

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Abstract

Understanding woody plant species composition and structure is fundamental to design and optimize the needed conservation measures for Ethiopian church forests. The aim of this study was to describe the composition, structure, and regeneration status of woody species in church forests in southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Data were collected from twenty-four church forests. Four plots (20 m × 20 m) were established in each church forest. Plots were located in four cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south) at different distances from the forest center. Four subplots (5 m × 5 m) were established in each plot to assess seedlings and canopy cover. In each plot, all woody plants were identified and counted, and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured. Species and family importance values were computed to characterize the species composition. Additionally, population structural features were analyzed through the variation of tree size classes. Species richness (SR), Pilou evenness (Jʹ), and Shannon–Wiener index (Hʹ) were used to determine species diversity. A total of 115 woody species representing 53 families and 97 genera were found. Of these, 62% were trees, 36% shrubs, 1.89% climber, and 0.06% reed species. Species richness differed among forests, ranging between 16 and 38 species. Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, and Rubiaceae were the dominant families with a high family importance values of 41, 28, and 22, respectively. The church forests have relatively high indices of species diversity (SR = 26 ± 1.25), (Jʹ = 0.75 ± 0.02), and (Hʹ = 2.42 ± 0.07), indicating that they play a major role in the conservation of woody species. However, a relatively high densities of Eucalyptus spp. ranging from 13 to 1925 individuals ha−1 were recorded, and these exotic tree species, thus, form a potential threat to the conservation of native species. The diameter class distribution of some selected keystone and dominant species formed four main shape types, of which the irregular-shaped pattern was most predominant, which suggests missing cohorts and regeneration problems for most species. Higher densities of Eucalyptus plantations were recorded in more recently established than old church forests. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to address the major pressures, such as plantation of exotic species that negatively affect the species composition and vegetation structure of these church forests, which, in turn, affect their ecosystem functions and services.

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Acknowledgements

This study received financial support from VLIR-UOS, Belgium, through the VLIR-IUC Interuniversity cooperation with Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia (BDU-IUC). We are grateful to all EOTC priests, monks, students, and local communities for access to the church forests, technical support and field assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Ferehiwot Mequanint & Shimeles Aynalem

  2. Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Ferehiwot Mequanint, Diederik Strubbe & Luc Lens

  3. Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Alemayehu Wassie

  4. Department of Natural Resource Management, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Enyew Adgo

  5. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Jan Nyssen & Amaury Frankl

  6. Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Bart Muys

Authors
  1. Ferehiwot Mequanint
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  2. Alemayehu Wassie
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  3. Shimeles Aynalem
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  4. Enyew Adgo
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  5. Jan Nyssen
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  6. Amaury Frankl
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  7. Diederik Strubbe
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  8. Bart Muys
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  9. Luc Lens
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Correspondence to Ferehiwot Mequanint .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Technical University of Munich, Freising, Bayern, Germany

    Mengistie Kindu

  2. Technical University of Munich, Freising, Bayern, Germany

    Thomas Schneider

  3. Organization for Rehabilitation and Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

    Alemayehu Wassie

  4. Unique Forestry and Land Use GmbH, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Mulugeta Lemenih

  5. Department of Range and Forest Resources, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana

    Demel Teketay

  6. Fachgebiet für Waldinventur und nachhaltige Nutzung, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bayern, Germany

    Thomas Knoke

Appendix 1: Species Name, Family, and the Relative Frequency of Occurrence in 24 Church Forests Southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia

Appendix 1: Species Name, Family, and the Relative Frequency of Occurrence in 24 Church Forests Southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia

Species name

Family

Relative frequency of occurrence (%)

Capparis tomentosa L

Capparidaceae

92

Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex Nees) T. Anders

Acanthaceae

92

Cordia africana Lam

Boraginaceae

83

Croton macrostachyus Del

Euphorbiaceae

83

Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich

Tiliaceae

83

Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak

Fabaceae

79

Maytenus arbutifolia (A.Rich.) Wilczek

Celastraceae

71

Mimusops kummel A. DC

Sapotaceae

71

Albizia schimperiana Oliv

Fabaceae

67

Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth

Fabaceae

63

Carissa spinarum L

Apocynaceae

63

Celtis africana Burm.f

Ulmaceae

63

Pavetta abyssinica Fresen

Rubiaceae

63

Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl

Cupressaceae

58

Teclea nobilis Del

Rutaceae

58

Ficus thonningii Blume

Moraceae

54

Premna schimperia Engl

Lamiaceae

54

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth

Rutaceae

50

Vernonia myriantha Hook.f

Asteraceae

50

Acanthus sennii Chiov

Acanthaceae

42

Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth

Lamiaceae

42

Olea europaea L

Oleaceae

42

Coffea arabica L

Rubiaceae

38

Dracaena steudneri Engl

Dracaenaceae

38

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh

Myrtaceae

38

Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F.White

Ebenaceae

33

Vernonia amygdalina Del

Asteraceae

33

Cupressus lusitanica Mill

Cupressaceae

29

Entada abyssinica Steud.ex.A.Rich

Fabaceae

29

Ficus vasta Forssk

Moraceae

29

Ricinus communis L

Euphorbiaceae

29

Ritchiea albersii Gilg

Capparidaceae

29

Bersama abyssinica Fresen

Melianthaceae

25

Euclea racemosa Murr

Ebenaceae

25

Grevillea robusta R.Br

Proteaceae

25

Rhus quartiniana A.Rich

Anacardiaceae

25

Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb

Flacourtiaceae

21

Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt

Euphorbiaceae

21

Osyris quadripartita Decn

Santalaceae

21

Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. B. ex. Mirb

Podocarpaceae

21

Rhus vulgaris Meikle

Anacardiaceae

21

Rothmannia urcelliformis (Hiern) Robyns

Rubiaceae

21

Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw

Oleaceae

21

Senna singueana (Del.) Lock

Fabaceae

21

Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf

Apocynaceae

17

Arundo donax L

Poaceae

17

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm

Meliaceae

17

Euphorbia tirucalli L

Euphorbiaceae

17

Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk

Aquifoliaceae

17

Acanthus pubescens (Oliv.) Engl

Acanthaceae

13

Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill

Simaroubaceae

13

Casuarina equisetifolia L

Casuarinaceae

13

Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatka

Lamiaceae

13

Dodonaea angustifolia L.f

Sapindaceae

13

Ehretia cymosa Thonn

Boraginaceae

13

Erythrina abyssinica Lam.ex DC

Fabaceae

13

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f) Merr

Flacourtiaceae

13

Gardenia fiorii Chiov

Rubiaceae

13

Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC

Oleaceae

13

Jasminum grandiflorum L

Oleaceae

13

Phytolacca dodecandra L'H'erit

Phytolaccaceae

13

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

Pittosporaceae

13

Prunus africana (Hook. f.) kalkm

Rosaceae

13

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey ex. Arn

Icacinaceae

8

Azadirachta indica A.Juss

Meliaceae

8

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.)

Rutaceae

8

Citrus aurantium L

Rutaceae

8

Combretum molle R.Br.ex G.Don

Combretaceae

8

Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) P.Bamps

Sterculiaceae

8

Euphorbia abyssinica Gmel

Euphorbiaceae

8

Galiniera saxifraga (Hochst.) Bridson

Rubiaceae

8

Olea capensis L

Oleaceae

8

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller

Cactaceae

8

Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh

Fabaceae

8

Rhamnus prinoides L’ Herit

Rhamnaceae

8

Rhus glutinosa A.Rich

Anacardiaceae

8

Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms

Araliaceae

8

Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin and Barneby

Fabaceae

8

Vachellia abyssinica (Hochst. ex. Benth.) Kyal. and Boatwr.

Fabaceae

8

Abutilon figarianum Webb

Malvaceae

4

Albizia anthelmintica (A. Rich.) Brogn

Fabaceae

4

Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill

Euphorbiaceae

4

Buddleja polystachya Fresen

Loganiaceae

4

Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston

Rhizophoraceae

4

Clematis hirsuta Perr. and Guill

Ranunculaceae

4

Croton dichogamus Pax

Euphorbiaceae

4

Delonix regia (Boj.ex Hook.) Raf

Fabaceae

4

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn

Fabaceae

4

Dolichos sericeus E. Mey

Fabaceae

4

Eucalyptus saligna Smith

Myrtaceae

4

Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq

Moraceae

4

Ficus sycomorus L

Moraceae

4

Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. F

Iridaceae

4

Gossypium arboreum L

Malvaceae

4

Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes

Celastraceae

4

Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich

Fabaceae

4

Lepidotrichilia volkensii (Giirke) Leroy

Meliaceae

4

Mangifera indica L

Anacardiaceae

4

Myrica salicifolia A. Rich

Myricaceae

4

Oxyanthus speciosus Dc.

Rubiaceae

4

Persea americana Mill

Lauraceae

4

Phoenix reclinata Jacq

Arecaceae

4

Psidium guajava L

Myrtaceae

4

Sapium ellipticum (krauss) pax

Euphorbiaceae

4

Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock

Fabaceae

4

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr

Fabaceae

4

Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey

Asteraceae

4

Solanum giganteum Jacq

Solanaceae

4

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham

Bignoniaceae

4

Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC

Myrtaceae

4

Urera hypselodendron (A. Rich.) Wedd

Urticaceae

4

Vachellia lahai (Steud. and Hochst. ex. Benth.) Kyal. and Boatwr.

Fabaceae

4

Vangueria apiculata K. Schum

Rubiaceae

4

Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel

Rubiaceae

4

Ximenia americana L

Olacaceae

4

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Mequanint, F. et al. (2022). Woody Vegetation Composition and Structure of Church Forests in Southeast of Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia. In: Kindu, M., Schneider, T., Wassie, A., Lemenih, M., Teketay, D., Knoke, T. (eds) State of the Art in Ethiopian Church Forests and Restoration Options. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86626-6_10

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