Abstract
Understanding woody plant species composition and structure is fundamental to design and optimize the needed conservation measures for Ethiopian church forests. The aim of this study was to describe the composition, structure, and regeneration status of woody species in church forests in southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Data were collected from twenty-four church forests. Four plots (20 m × 20 m) were established in each church forest. Plots were located in four cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south) at different distances from the forest center. Four subplots (5 m × 5 m) were established in each plot to assess seedlings and canopy cover. In each plot, all woody plants were identified and counted, and diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured. Species and family importance values were computed to characterize the species composition. Additionally, population structural features were analyzed through the variation of tree size classes. Species richness (SR), Pilou evenness (Jʹ), and Shannon–Wiener index (Hʹ) were used to determine species diversity. A total of 115 woody species representing 53 families and 97 genera were found. Of these, 62% were trees, 36% shrubs, 1.89% climber, and 0.06% reed species. Species richness differed among forests, ranging between 16 and 38 species. Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, and Rubiaceae were the dominant families with a high family importance values of 41, 28, and 22, respectively. The church forests have relatively high indices of species diversity (SR = 26 ± 1.25), (Jʹ = 0.75 ± 0.02), and (Hʹ = 2.42 ± 0.07), indicating that they play a major role in the conservation of woody species. However, a relatively high densities of Eucalyptus spp. ranging from 13 to 1925 individuals ha−1 were recorded, and these exotic tree species, thus, form a potential threat to the conservation of native species. The diameter class distribution of some selected keystone and dominant species formed four main shape types, of which the irregular-shaped pattern was most predominant, which suggests missing cohorts and regeneration problems for most species. Higher densities of Eucalyptus plantations were recorded in more recently established than old church forests. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to address the major pressures, such as plantation of exotic species that negatively affect the species composition and vegetation structure of these church forests, which, in turn, affect their ecosystem functions and services.
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Acknowledgements
This study received financial support from VLIR-UOS, Belgium, through the VLIR-IUC Interuniversity cooperation with Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia (BDU-IUC). We are grateful to all EOTC priests, monks, students, and local communities for access to the church forests, technical support and field assistance.
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Appendix 1: Species Name, Family, and the Relative Frequency of Occurrence in 24 Church Forests Southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Appendix 1: Species Name, Family, and the Relative Frequency of Occurrence in 24 Church Forests Southeast of Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Species name | Family | Relative frequency of occurrence (%) |
---|---|---|
Capparis tomentosa L | Capparidaceae | 92 |
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex Nees) T. Anders | Acanthaceae | 92 |
Cordia africana Lam | Boraginaceae | 83 |
Croton macrostachyus Del | Euphorbiaceae | 83 |
Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich | Tiliaceae | 83 |
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak | Fabaceae | 79 |
Maytenus arbutifolia (A.Rich.) Wilczek | Celastraceae | 71 |
Mimusops kummel A. DC | Sapotaceae | 71 |
Albizia schimperiana Oliv | Fabaceae | 67 |
Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth | Fabaceae | 63 |
Carissa spinarum L | Apocynaceae | 63 |
Celtis africana Burm.f | Ulmaceae | 63 |
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen | Rubiaceae | 63 |
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl | Cupressaceae | 58 |
Teclea nobilis Del | Rutaceae | 58 |
Ficus thonningii Blume | Moraceae | 54 |
Premna schimperia Engl | Lamiaceae | 54 |
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth | Rutaceae | 50 |
Vernonia myriantha Hook.f | Asteraceae | 50 |
Acanthus sennii Chiov | Acanthaceae | 42 |
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth | Lamiaceae | 42 |
Olea europaea L | Oleaceae | 42 |
Coffea arabica L | Rubiaceae | 38 |
Dracaena steudneri Engl | Dracaenaceae | 38 |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh | Myrtaceae | 38 |
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F.White | Ebenaceae | 33 |
Vernonia amygdalina Del | Asteraceae | 33 |
Cupressus lusitanica Mill | Cupressaceae | 29 |
Entada abyssinica Steud.ex.A.Rich | Fabaceae | 29 |
Ficus vasta Forssk | Moraceae | 29 |
Ricinus communis L | Euphorbiaceae | 29 |
Ritchiea albersii Gilg | Capparidaceae | 29 |
Bersama abyssinica Fresen | Melianthaceae | 25 |
Euclea racemosa Murr | Ebenaceae | 25 |
Grevillea robusta R.Br | Proteaceae | 25 |
Rhus quartiniana A.Rich | Anacardiaceae | 25 |
Dovyalis abyssinica (A.Rich.) Warb | Flacourtiaceae | 21 |
Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt | Euphorbiaceae | 21 |
Osyris quadripartita Decn | Santalaceae | 21 |
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. B. ex. Mirb | Podocarpaceae | 21 |
Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Anacardiaceae | 21 |
Rothmannia urcelliformis (Hiern) Robyns | Rubiaceae | 21 |
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw | Oleaceae | 21 |
Senna singueana (Del.) Lock | Fabaceae | 21 |
Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf | Apocynaceae | 17 |
Arundo donax L | Poaceae | 17 |
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm | Meliaceae | 17 |
Euphorbia tirucalli L | Euphorbiaceae | 17 |
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk | Aquifoliaceae | 17 |
Acanthus pubescens (Oliv.) Engl | Acanthaceae | 13 |
Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill | Simaroubaceae | 13 |
Casuarina equisetifolia L | Casuarinaceae | 13 |
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatka | Lamiaceae | 13 |
Dodonaea angustifolia L.f | Sapindaceae | 13 |
Ehretia cymosa Thonn | Boraginaceae | 13 |
Erythrina abyssinica Lam.ex DC | Fabaceae | 13 |
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f) Merr | Flacourtiaceae | 13 |
Gardenia fiorii Chiov | Rubiaceae | 13 |
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC | Oleaceae | 13 |
Jasminum grandiflorum L | Oleaceae | 13 |
Phytolacca dodecandra L'H'erit | Phytolaccaceae | 13 |
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims | Pittosporaceae | 13 |
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) kalkm | Rosaceae | 13 |
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey ex. Arn | Icacinaceae | 8 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss | Meliaceae | 8 |
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) | Rutaceae | 8 |
Citrus aurantium L | Rutaceae | 8 |
Combretum molle R.Br.ex G.Don | Combretaceae | 8 |
Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) P.Bamps | Sterculiaceae | 8 |
Euphorbia abyssinica Gmel | Euphorbiaceae | 8 |
Galiniera saxifraga (Hochst.) Bridson | Rubiaceae | 8 |
Olea capensis L | Oleaceae | 8 |
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller | Cactaceae | 8 |
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh | Fabaceae | 8 |
Rhamnus prinoides L’ Herit | Rhamnaceae | 8 |
Rhus glutinosa A.Rich | Anacardiaceae | 8 |
Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms | Araliaceae | 8 |
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) Irwin and Barneby | Fabaceae | 8 |
Vachellia abyssinica (Hochst. ex. Benth.) Kyal. and Boatwr. | Fabaceae | 8 |
Abutilon figarianum Webb | Malvaceae | 4 |
Albizia anthelmintica (A. Rich.) Brogn | Fabaceae | 4 |
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill | Euphorbiaceae | 4 |
Buddleja polystachya Fresen | Loganiaceae | 4 |
Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston | Rhizophoraceae | 4 |
Clematis hirsuta Perr. and Guill | Ranunculaceae | 4 |
Croton dichogamus Pax | Euphorbiaceae | 4 |
Delonix regia (Boj.ex Hook.) Raf | Fabaceae | 4 |
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn | Fabaceae | 4 |
Dolichos sericeus E. Mey | Fabaceae | 4 |
Eucalyptus saligna Smith | Myrtaceae | 4 |
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq | Moraceae | 4 |
Ficus sycomorus L | Moraceae | 4 |
Gladiolus psittacinus Hook. F | Iridaceae | 4 |
Gossypium arboreum L | Malvaceae | 4 |
Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes | Celastraceae | 4 |
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich | Fabaceae | 4 |
Lepidotrichilia volkensii (Giirke) Leroy | Meliaceae | 4 |
Mangifera indica L | Anacardiaceae | 4 |
Myrica salicifolia A. Rich | Myricaceae | 4 |
Oxyanthus speciosus Dc. | Rubiaceae | 4 |
Persea americana Mill | Lauraceae | 4 |
Phoenix reclinata Jacq | Arecaceae | 4 |
Psidium guajava L | Myrtaceae | 4 |
Sapium ellipticum (krauss) pax | Euphorbiaceae | 4 |
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock | Fabaceae | 4 |
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr | Fabaceae | 4 |
Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey | Asteraceae | 4 |
Solanum giganteum Jacq | Solanaceae | 4 |
Stereospermum kunthianum Cham | Bignoniaceae | 4 |
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC | Myrtaceae | 4 |
Urera hypselodendron (A. Rich.) Wedd | Urticaceae | 4 |
Vachellia lahai (Steud. and Hochst. ex. Benth.) Kyal. and Boatwr. | Fabaceae | 4 |
Vangueria apiculata K. Schum | Rubiaceae | 4 |
Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel | Rubiaceae | 4 |
Ximenia americana L | Olacaceae | 4 |
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Mequanint, F. et al. (2022). Woody Vegetation Composition and Structure of Church Forests in Southeast of Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia. In: Kindu, M., Schneider, T., Wassie, A., Lemenih, M., Teketay, D., Knoke, T. (eds) State of the Art in Ethiopian Church Forests and Restoration Options. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86626-6_10
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