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Penetrability

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Mix-Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Masonry Strengthening

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ((SPRTRCIENG))

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Abstract

This Chapter deals with the first component of injectability, i.e., the penetrability of the grains of the grout through the effective (nominal minimum) width Wnom of masonry discontinuities (voids, microcracks, joints). As it is known, grouting is intended to fill voids, fissures and open joints of the masonry as a system, producing a “dendrite” (a three-dimensional skeleton), directly contributing to the strength of the masonry as a whole. However, to do so, the grout should be able to pass through the “narrowest” possible width of such discontinuities, in order to reach the maximum possible internal volume of masonry and open joints, avoiding most of possible blockages. In the specific case of three-leaf masonries, the most decisive result of the grouting is expected to be the strengthening of the bond along the interfaces between the external layers and the infill; the rather small voids, as well as pre-existing fissures along these interfaces, have to be penetrated. In this chapter the penetrability of hydraulic grouts is discussed, and relationships between (i) two characteristic diameters of the grains of the solid phase of the grout and (ii) the nominal minimum (effective) width of fissures and voids of the structure to be injected are proposed. Furthermore, the beneficial role of replacing part of the cement or hydraulic lime with ultrafine materials in order to improve penetrability is presented, and related criteria are proposed. Extensive experimental verifications of the proposed quantitative models are finally offered.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Normally, this pressure is not higher than say 0.1 (MPa), because of the limited tensile strength of masonry, as well as in order to avoid segregation effects.

  2. 2.

    Note however that for a given fluidity, many other flow routes could also be followed should the grout be more penetrable, i.e., if its solid phase were finer.

  3. 3.

    See also Sect. 3.4. Effects of mixing method on fluidity.

  4. 4.

    For its definition, see Chap. 3.

  5. 5.

    It is however noted that in some cases fv-values may be higher. That is an additional reason for a final trial-mix to be carried out.

  6. 6.

    Besides, it is somehow interesting that it has the same format as the empirical “Eq. 2.2”; its denominator expressing characteristics of the initial binder, whereas its nominator is by definition “compatible” with properties of the blended material.

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  1. School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans

  2. School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Theodosios P. Tassios

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  1. Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans
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Correspondence to Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans .

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Miltiadou-Fezans, A., Tassios, T.P. (2022). Penetrability. In: Mix-Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Masonry Strengthening. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85965-7_2

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