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Practical Recommendations for the Execution of Grouting

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Mix-Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Masonry Strengthening

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ((SPRTRCIENG))

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Abstract

In this Chapter a set of recommendations is presented for the execution of grouting, regarding grout tubes installation, description of equipment needed, in situ preparation of the grout and in situ control of injectability characteristics, as well as in-time evolution of grout’s strength. Moreover, methods of in-situ checking of injection procedure are described, together with the data that should be recorded during grouting operations, and their evaluation. The chapter concludes with the assessment of the efficiency of grouting; overall quality management is finally described, together with a detailed presentation of laboratory and in situ non-destructive control tests.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    As proposed by Ashurst (1989), Ashurst and Dimes (1990), Baronio et al. (1992), Schuller et al. (1994),  Binda et al. (1997), Valluzzi (2003), Miltiadou-Fezans and Tassios (2009), Miltiadou-Fezans et al. (2008a, 2014).

  2. 2.

    As already pointed out in the literature i.e., for example Ashurst and Dimes (1990), Schuller et al. (1994), Van Rickstal (2000).

  3. 3.

    In many cases of heavily damaged masonries, the Structural design may prescribe stitching of cracks or even removal and replacing of deficient blocks, or even a removal and rebuilding of an entire part of masonry. Such interventions should be undertaken before grouting application.

  4. 4.

    Also proposed by Caleca e de Vecchi (1990) (as mentioned in Valluzzi 2003, p. 34), Van Rickstal (2000), Valluzzi et al. (2004).

  5. 5.

    As proposed as well by Ashurst (1989).

  6. 6.

    In some cases of thick loose rubble masonry, built with thick joints, when high consumption of grout is expected, larger diameters may be used, to facilitate the injection of a larger volume of grout (Van Rickstal 2000).

  7. 7.

    These depths are needed in order to try to make grout available closer to vertical cracks opened at the interface of external leaf and internal infill of three leaf masonries, as well as to the cracks due to lateral dilatancy, near the middle of the thickness of the infill.

  8. 8.

    As shown in Fig. 10.5a, c, this solution was not adopted in these specific cases.

  9. 9.

    Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées; since 2011 LCPC is part of the «Institut français des sciences et technologies des transports, de l'aménagement et des réseaux» (IFSTTAR).

  10. 10.

    This range of pressures is suggested by other authors too (e.g. Valluzzi 2003, p. 34; Van Rickstal 2000, p. 169), as opposed to previous opinions favouring higher values. It is reminded that a considerable increase of grout consumption cannot be easily achieved by a mere increase of the injection pressure; instead, a finer and more fluid grout should preferably be envisaged, respecting all injectability criteria.

  11. 11.

    As also proposed by Van Rickstal (2000).

  12. 12.

    Having max grain diameter ~0.5 mm.

  13. 13.

    This upper level was found in the literature by many authors experimentally injecting three-leaf masonry walls. In this connection the “Fiche d’aide à la rédaction des documents de marché ‒ Consolidation des maçonneries par injections de coulis minéral naturel” [FARCC No 03.0412,. 01. 01, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Wallonie, Belgique (s.t)], note the following “the normal quantity of grout to be injected varies from 8 to 10% of  the volume of the wall”.

  14. 14.

    Alternatively, the use of a flow meter may be selected or of a debit meter per tube, as proposed  in the above mentioned FARCC No 03.0412,. 01. 01 of the Belgian Ministry of Culture (see footnote 13).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Prof. Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans

  2. School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Prof. Theodosios P. Tassios

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  1. Prof. Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans
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  2. Prof. Theodosios P. Tassios
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Correspondence to Androniki Miltiadou-Fezans .

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Miltiadou-Fezans, A., Tassios, T.P. (2022). Practical Recommendations for the Execution of Grouting. In: Mix-Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Masonry Strengthening. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85965-7_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85965-7_10

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