Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Language Policy ((LAPO,volume 27))

  • 170 Accesses

Abstract

Higher education policies ideally become enablers of one’s identity, cultural knowledge, personal well-being and social belonging. Yet this basic fact is not always adopted by those who hold levers of power to affect system wide change. Equally true is that the primary need to make sense and to belong is nurtured at institutions of higher learning, which should seek to develop a generation of scholars and professionals who will serve the societies in which these institutions are situated. The counter reality to this expectation, however, is that colonial education has historically discouraged integration of students into the societies they should serve, used curricula based on foreign philosophies and alienated them from their indigenous knowledge systems). This chapter provides a summary of the issues discussed in the previous chapters. It brings to the fore the question: how could a post-apartheid South African university transcend a dehumanizing and colonial identity of oneness to an inclusive one based on African multilingualism? A wide array of studies presented has shown that language and identity are inextricably connected, and that they both predict academic achievement. This concluding chapter explains institutional identities based on a new understanding of multilingualism and offers possible alternatives for post-apartheid African universities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, N. (1989). Language policy and national unity in South Africa/Azania. Buchu Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. (2015). The trouble on the frontier: The perils of persisting colonial language policies in Canada. In A. Yiakoumetti (Ed.), Multilingualism and language education: Sociolinguistic and pedagogical perspectives from commonwealth countries (pp. 177–198). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamgbose, A. (2005a). Mother tongue education: Lessons from the Yoruba experience. In Languages of instruction for African emancipation: Focus on postcolonial contexts and considerations (pp. 231–257).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamgboṣe, A. (2000). Language and exclusion: The consequences of language policies in Africa (Vol. 12). LIT Verlag Münster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biko, S. (1979). Black consciousness in South Africa (Vol. 739). Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blommaert, J. (2013). Ethnography, superdiversity and linguistic landscapes: Chronicles of complexity (Vol. 18). Multilingual Matters.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brock-Utne, B. (2015). Language, literacy, power and democracy in Africa. Education and Society, 33(2), 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brock-Utne, B., & Lwaitama, A. (2010). The prospects for and possible implications of teaching African philosophy in Kiswahili in East Africa: A Tanzanian perspective. In D. Desai, M. Qorro, & B. Bock-Utne (Eds.), Educational challenges in multilingual societies: LOITASA phase two research (pp. 333–349). African Minds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamgbose, A. (2005b). Mother tongue education: Lessons from the Yoruba experience. In B. Brock-Utne & R. K. Hopson (Eds.), Languages of instruction for African emancipation: Focus on postcolonial contexts and considerations (pp. 231–257). CASAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (Eds.). (2018). The Routledge handbook of language and superdiversity. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Higher Education. (2002). Language policy for higher education. Government Printers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (Eds.). (2012). English-medium instruction at universities: Global challenges. Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. B. (2014). Black reconstruction in America (the Oxford WEB Du Bois): An essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860–1880. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1995). Frantz Fanon: Black skin, white mask. California Newsreel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove, 2004), 160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 149–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. 1975. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage, 1, 977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education: Culture, power and liberation. Berlin & Carvey.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Language, bilingualism and education. In Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education (pp. 46–62). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Heugh, K. (2014). Multilingualism, the ‘African lingua franca’ and the ‘new linguistic dispensation’. Language Rich Africa Policy dialogue, 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleyn, T., & García, O. (2019). Translanguaging as an act of transformation: Restructuring teaching and learning for emergent bilingual students. The Handbook of TESOL in, K-12, 69–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacSwan, J. (2017). A multilingual perspective on translanguaging. American Educational Research Journal, 54(1), 167–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (2019). Uncovering the universals of Ubuntu translanguaging in classroom discourses. Classroom Discourse, 10(3–4), 237–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (2018a). Community elders’ narrative accounts of Ubuntu translanguaging: Learning and teaching in African education. International Review of Education, 64(6), 823–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (Ed.). (2018b). Shifting lenses: Multilanguaging, decolonisation and education in the global south. Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (2016). Ubuntu translanguaging: An alternative framework for complex multilingual encounters. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34(3), 187–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (2015). Moving out of linguistic boxes: The effects of translanguaging strategies for multilingual classrooms. Language and Education, 29(3), 200–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makalela, L. (2005). We speak 11 tongues: Reconstructing multilingualism in South Africa. In B. Brock-Utne & K. Hopson (Eds.), Language of instruction for African emancipation: Focus on postcolonial contexts and considerations (pp. 147–174). CASAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makoni, S. (2003). From misinvention to disinvention of language: Multilingualism and the south African constitution. Black linguistics: Language, society and politics in Africa and the Americas, 132–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (Eds.). (2007). Disinventing and reconstituting languages (Vol. 62). Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazrui, A. (1997). The world bank, the Language Question, and the future of African Education. Race & Class. A Journal for Black and Third world Liberation, 38(3), 25–49.m.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazrui, A. (1978). Political values and the educated class in Africa. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKinney, C. (2016). Language and power in post-colonial schooling: Ideologies in practice. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mignolo, W. D. (2012). Local histories/global designs. Princeton: Princeton University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwaniki, M., van Reenen, D., & Makalela, L. (2018). Advanced language politics in south African higher education post# RhodesMustFall. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 36(1), iii–v.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2015). Decoloniality as the future of Africa. History Compass, 13(10), 485–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2013a). Coloniality of power in postcolonial Africa. African Books Collective.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2013b). Empire, global coloniality and African subjectivity. Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyerere, J. (1968). Education for self-reliance. In J. Nyerere (Ed.), Essays on socialism (pp. 44–76). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2019). A translanguaging view of the linguistic system of bilinguals. Applied Linguistics Review, 10(4), 625–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prah, K. K. (1995). African languages for the mass education of Africans (No. 7). Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Probyn, M. (2019). Pedagogical translanguaging and the construction of science knowledge in a multilingual south African classroom: Challenging monoglossic/post-colonial orthodoxies. Classroom Discourse, 10(3–4), 216–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paradowski. (2020). Transitions, translanguaging, Tran-semiotising in heterosglossic school environments: Lessons from (not only) South Africa. In C. Van der Walt & V. Pfeiffer (Eds.), Multilingual classroom contexts: Perspectives from the chalk face. Stellenbosch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, F. S. (2010). Complexities of languages and multilingualism in post-colonial predicaments. In D. Desai, M. Qorro, & Bock-Utne (Eds.), Educational challenges in multilingual societies: LOITASA phase two research (pp. 15–48). African Minds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricento, T. (2000). Historical and theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning. Journal of SocioLinguistics, 4(2), 196–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RSA (1996). The Constitution of Republic of South Africa (Act 108 pf 1996). Pretoria: Government Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiong’o, N. W. (1986). Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. J. Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiong’o, N. W. (1992). Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. Nairobi: East African Publishers

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leketi Makalela .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Makalela, L. (2022). To Be and to Know: Towards a Decolonized Multilingual University. In: Makalela, L. (eds) Language and Institutional Identity in the Post-Apartheid South African Higher Education . Language Policy, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85961-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85961-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85960-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85961-9

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics