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Understanding Soils: Their Functions, Use and Degradation

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Advances in Understanding Soil Degradation

Part of the book series: Innovations in Landscape Research ((ILR))

Abstract

Soils, the thin skin of the earth, a living body, are the basis of all highly developed life and have ensured human existence and culture since millennia. Their functions and ecosystem services are crucial for the survival of humanity. Increasing pressure on soils through overuse and mismanagement has exceeded their capacity to perform, which is considered as soil degradation. To meet the mission of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, soil degradation must be stopped and reversed. We reviewed framework conditions of soil degradation, scientific concepts of research and status and trends of their operationalization. Soil performance and degradation processes must be understood, monitored, mitigated and combated in the context of different categories and scales such as ecosystems, land and landscapes. Approaches to the assessment and monitoring of soil dynamics, degradation and desertification show inconsistencies and knowledge gaps at several levels. Concepts of soil health and ecosystem services of soil should be backed by “hard data” based on field and landscape indicators and measurements. Participatory approaches to mediate conflicting demands of stakeholders are crucial for a broad understanding of soil and its long-term sustainable use. This requires an advanced field diagnostic system of soil performance based on reliable on-site measurement technology in combination with expert-based knowledge and assessment methodologies. Strengthening field soil science is essential for progress in reducing and reversing soil degradation.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Aridity index

CASH:

Comprehensive assessment of soil health

CICES:

Common international classification of ecosystem services

DEX:

Decision EXpert

DPSIR:

Driving forces, pressures, states, impacts and responses

DSS:

Decision support system

EC:

Electrical conductivity

EEA:

European environmental agency

ENVASSO:

Environmental assessment of soil for monitoring

ES:

Ecosystem services

ESAI:

Environmentally sensitive area index

EU:

European union

FAO:

Food and agriculture organization of the united nations

GLASOD:

Global assessment of soil degradation

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

LRC:

Land resource circle concept

MDS:

Minimum data sets

M-SQR:

Muencheberg soil quality rating

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NDVI:

Normalized difference vegetation index

PCA:

Principal component analysis

RUSLE:

Revised universal soil loss equation

SAR:

Sodium absorption ratio

SDG:

Sustainable development goals

SD:

Soil degradation

SB:

Soil biodiversity

SF:

Soil fertility

SH:

Soil health

SMAF:

Soil management assessment framework

SoilHealthDB:

Soil health DataBase

SOM:

Soil organic matter (SOM)

SQ:

Soil quality

SQI:

Soil quality index

UAV:

Unmanned aerial vehicle

UN:

United Nations

UNCCD:

United Nations convention to combat desertification

UNEP:

United nation environmental programme

VESS:

Visual examination of soil structure

VSA:

Visual soil assessment method

WRB:

World reference base for soil resources

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Acknowledgements

Preparation of this chapter was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 451-03-09/2021-14/200011).

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  1. Institute of Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

    Elmira Saljnikov

  2. Mitscherlich Academy for Soil Fertility (MITAK), GmbH, Prof.-Mitscherlich-Allee 1, Paulinenaue, 14641, Brandenburg, Germany

    Elmira Saljnikov, Frank Eulenstein & Uwe Schindler

  3. Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany

    Frank Eulenstein, Wilfried Mirschel & Lothar Mueller

  4. St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, Peterburgskoye Ave. 2, 196601, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia

    Anton Lavrishchev

  5. Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    Winfried E. H. Blum

  6. Geography and Environmental Science, University of Dundee, D1 4HN, Dundee, Scotland, UK

    Blair M. McKenzie

  7. Manaaki Whenua—Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand

    Linda Lilburne

  8. ECT Oekotoxikologie, GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2–14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany

    Jörg Römbke

  9. Department of Ecology, TU Berlin, BH 10-1, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Berndt-Michael Wilke

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    Elmira Saljnikov

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    Lothar Mueller

  3. Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Anton Lavrishchev

  4. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Brandenburg, Germany

    Frank Eulenstein

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Saljnikov, E. et al. (2022). Understanding Soils: Their Functions, Use and Degradation. In: Saljnikov, E., Mueller, L., Lavrishchev, A., Eulenstein, F. (eds) Advances in Understanding Soil Degradation. Innovations in Landscape Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85682-3_1

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