Abstract
The rapid spread of electric vehicles will be one of the key elements for the transition to sustainable energy and at the same time will lead to the reduction of air pollution in cities. Obviously, the forecast estimates of the demand for electricity will have to be reconsidered and above all the functioning of the electricity grid and the two-way energy exchange methods, also to ensure that everyone is aware of this opportunity. The remodeling of electric mobility must therefore be reconsidered to reduce renewable energy costs, increase the flexibility of the smart grid, and make EVs available to the greatest number of prosumers, even in shared mode. Another point to consider is the implementation of the charging points, considering the risk that if not carefully controlled and increasing the peak load in the smart grid, and proper planning of the charging stations is necessary to avoid network congestion; for example, if a large number of electric vehicles were charged at the same time, it could lead to an excessive increase in costs, due to an increase in unnecessary available power. In this, smart grids have a fundamental task, to obtain new models for managing energy flows, recharging EVs, and related cost profiles.
Another crucial factor, supporting this evolution toward electric mobility, will be the ability to generate business models, which, in addition to supporting the needs of food and a profit for the supply of ancillary services and power systems, will also have to support the needs of EVs fleets, considering vehicle and battery consumption. Then, it will be necessary to analyze factors such as the charging time, the duration, and the state of the battery, since, in the case of shared fleets of electric vehicles, an operating model is established “on demand,” with an energy market that involves fluctuations cost and therefore appropriate charge-discharge, which reduces the life of the batteries.
Finally, since a battery of an electric vehicle alone would not be able to bring advantages to the network, it is necessary that they are aggravated, as in shared systems, or that there are many electric vehicles in circulation, whose owners want to provide the transfer of service energy from the battery to the grid, in exchange for a fiscal or economic advantage. This chapter aims to analyze scenarios for a new electric mobility, an integral part of Smart Cities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alahmad A, Rayyan A’a, Al Juheshi F, Sharif H, Alahmad M, Shuaib K, Aljuhaishi N (2016) Overview of ICT in the Advancement of Electric Vehicle Penetration. 2016 12th Int. Conf. Innov. Inf. Technol:1–6
Alladi T, Chamola V, Rodrigues JJPC, Kozlov SA (2019) Blockchain in smart grids: a review on different use cases. Sensors 19(22):1–25
Andoni M, Robu V, Flynn D, Abram S, Geach D, Jenkins D, McCallum P, Peacock A (2019) Blockchain technology in the energy sector: a systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renew Sust Energ Rev 100:143–174
Castor A (2017) A (Short) guide to Blockchain consensus protocols. https://www.coindesk.com/short-guide-blockchain-consensus-protocols. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
D’Oriano L, Mastandrea G, Rana G, Raveduto G, Croce V, Verber M, Bertoncini M (2018) Decentralized blockchain flexibility system for Smart Grids: Requirements engineering and use cases. In: 2018 International IEEE Conference and Workshop in Óbuda on Electrical and Power Engineering (CANDO-EPE), pp 39–44
Dorri A, Kanhere SS, Jurdak R, Gauravaram P (2017) Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: the case study of a smart home. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), pp 618–623
Doukas DI, Bakas P, Marinopoulos A, Kim H (2013) Energy storage integration into grid connected utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems. In: 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, pp 1–6
Ferdous MS, Chowdhury MJM, Hoque MA (2021) A survey of consensus algorithms in public blockchain systems for crypto-currencies. J Netw Comput Appl 182:1–28
Gao J, Asamoah KO, Sifah EB, Smahi A, Xia Q, Hu X, Zhang X, Guishan D (2018) GridMonitoring: secured sovereign blockchain based monitoring on smart grid. IEEE Access 6:9917–9925
Guan Z, Si G, Zhang X, Longfei W, Guizani N, Xiaojiang D, Yinglong M (2018) Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on Blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities. IEEE Commun Mag 56(7):82–88
Hertz-Shargel B, Livingston D (2019) Assessing blockchain’s future in transactive energy. Atlantic Council:1–35
Houben R, Alexander S (2018) Cryptocurrencies and blockchain. In: Paper prepared for the European Parliament’s Special Committee on Financial Crimes, Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance. European Parliament, pp 1–86. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/150761/TAX3%20Study%20on%20cryptocurrencies%20and%20blockchain.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
IRENA (2019) Innovation outlook: smart charging for electric vehicles. International Renewable Energy Agency Abu Dhabi. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/IRENA_Innovation_Outlook_EV_smart_charging_2019_Old.pdf?la=en&hash=080C746B6183DF9C528FA4C4C4FAE801F07D93C2. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Jiang Z, Tian H, Beshir MJ, Vohra S, Mazloomzadeh A (2016) Analysis of electric vehicle charging impact on the electric power grid: Based on smart grid regional demonstration project — Los Angeles. In: 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA), pp 1–5
Khaki B, Chung Y-W, Chu C, Gadh R (2019) Probabilistic electric vehicle load management in distribution grids. In: ITEC 2019–2019 IEEE Transp. Electrif Conf Expo, pp 15–20
Knirsch F, Unterweger A, Engel D (2018) Privacy-preserving blockchain-based electric vehicle charging with dynamic tariff decisions. Comput Sci Res Dev 33:71–79
Lazaroiu GC, Roscia M (2018) RESCoin to improve Prosumer Side Management into Smart City. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), pp 1196–1201
Lazaroiu GC, Roscia M (2019a) New approach for Smart Community Grid through Blockchain and smart charging infrastructure of EVs. In: 2019 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), pp 337–341
Lazaroiu GC, Roscia M (2019b) New approach for smart community grid through Blockchain and smart charging infrastrcuture of EVs. In: 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications, pp 337–341
Lazaroiu GC, Roscia M, Saatmandi S (2020) Blockchain strategies and policies for sustainable electric mobility into Smart City. In: 2020 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), pp 363–368
Liang G, Weller SR, Luo F, Zhao J, Dong ZY (2019) Distributed Blockchain-based data protection framework for modern power systems against cyber attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10(3):3162–3173
Lima C (2018a) DLT/Blockchain architectures and framework – system-of-system approach. IEEE NIST Blockchain Global Summit:1–30. https://blockchain.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/20180917-blockchain-architecture-and-reference-frameworks_-_c-lima.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Lima C (2018b) Developing open and interoperable DLT\/Blockchain Standards [Standards]. Computer 51(11):106–111
Lucas A, Prettico G, Flammini MG, Kotsakis E, Fulli G, Masera M (2018) Indicator-based methodology for assessing EV charging infrastructure using exploratory data analysis. Energies 11:1–18
Manjunatha AP, Korba P, Stauch V (2013) Integration of large battery storage system into distribution grid with renewable generation. In: 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, pp 1–6
Mearian L (2020) What is blockchain? The complete guide. Computerworld. https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/what-is-blockchain-the-complete-guide.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2021
Nair PR, Dorai DR (2021) Evaluation of performance and security of proof of work and proof of stake using blockchain. In: 2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV), pp 279–283
Nguyen CT, Hoang DT, Nguyen DN, Niyato D, Nguyen HT, Dutkiewicz E (2019) Proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms for future Blockchain networks: fundamentals, applications and opportunities. IEEE Access 7:85727–85745
Pilkington M (2015) Blockchain technology: principles and applications. In: Olleros FX, Zhegu M (eds) Research handbook on digital transformations. Edward Elgar, 2016
Pop C, Cioara T, Antal M, Anghel I, Salomie I, Bertoncini M (2018) Blockchain based decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy grids. Sensors 18(1):1–21
Putrus GA, Suwanapingkarl P, Johnston D, Bentley EC, Narayana M (2009) Impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks. In: 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp 827–831
Samuel O, Javaid N, Awais M, Ahmed Z, Imran M, Mohsen G (2019) A Blockchain model for fair data sharing in deregulated smart grids. In: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp 1–7
Sivanandam SN, Sumathi S, Deepa SN (2007) Introducction to Fuzzy Logic using Matlab. Springer, Berlin
Skugor B, Deur J (2014) Dynamic programming-based optimization of electric vehicle fleet charging. In: 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, pp 1–8
Tayarani H, Jahangir H, Nadafianshahamabadi R, Golkar MA, Ahmadian A, Elkamel A (2019) Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicle: considering travel behavior uncertainties and battery degradation. Appl Sci 9:1–15
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lazaroiu, G.C., Roscia, M., Dumbrava, V., Kayisli, K. (2021). Blockchain and Smart Charging Infrastructure of Electric Vehicles. In: Lazaroiu, G.C., Roscia, M., Dancu, V.S. (eds) Holistic Approach for Decision Making Towards Designing Smart Cities. Future City, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85566-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85566-6_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85565-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85566-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)