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Principles of Fish Immunology pp 463–494Cite as

Antiviral Innate Immune Responses: Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and Salmonid Alphavirus

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Abstract

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and salmonid alphavirus (SAV) are important viral infections of salmonid fish. The impact and losses due to IPNV infection have been significantly reduced in Atlantic salmon through genetic selection for resistance, but infection with SAV in salmonid aquaculture causes major loss to the industry. Vaccination has been developed to reduce the impact of both diseases but with limited success so far. The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection and play crucial roles in directing adaptive immune responses. This chapter addresses the innate immune responses to IPNV and SAV infections in vitro and in vivo and summarizes the current knowledge. Understanding the detailed aspects of the innate host-virus interaction is crucial for developing prophylactic interventions.

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Abbreviations

AGK:

Asian grouper strain K cells

Aim2:

Absent in melanoma 2

ALRs:

Aim2-like receptors

ASC:

Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CARD:

Caspase activation and recruitment domain

CPE:

Cytopathogenic effect

DAI:

DNA-dependent activator of IRFs

DIP:

Defective interfering particles

DISC:

Death-inducing signaling complex

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DVG:

Defective viral genomes

dsDNA:

Double-stranded DNA

dsRNA:

Double-stranded RNA

eIF:

Eukaryotic initiation factor

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FADD:

Fas/Apo-1-associated death domain protein

GCN2:

General control non-depressible 2

HRI:

Heme-regulated inhibitor

IFN:

Interferon

IkB:

Inhibitor of NFkB

IKK:

IkB kinase

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IPN:

infectious pancreatic necrosis

IPS-1:

IFNB-promoter stimulator 1

IRAK:

IL-1 receptor-associated kinase

IRF:

Interferon regulatory factor

JNK:

JUN N-terminal kinase

LGP2:

Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2

LRR:

Leucine-rich repeats

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MAPKK:

MAPK kinase

MDA5:

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5

MOI:

Multiplicity of infection

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation factor 88

Mx:

Myxovirus resistance protein

NFkB:

Nuclear factor-κB

NLR:

Nod-like receptor, nucleotide-binding domain LRR-containing family

NOD:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

OAS:

Oligoadenylate synthase

ORF:

Open reading frame

PACT:

PKR activating protein

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PERK:

PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase

PKR:

dsRNA-activated protein kinase R

PI:

Propidium iodide

Poly I:C:

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

PS:

Phosphatidylserines

RD:

Repressor domain

RIG-I:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I

RIP:

Receptor-interacting protein

RLR:

RIG-1-like receptor

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RTG:

Rainbow trout gonads cells

TAB1/TAB2:

Tak-binding proteins

TAK1:

TGF-b-activated kinase

TANK:

TRAF-family-member-associated NFkB activator

TBK:

TANK-binding kinase

TCID:

Tissue culture infective dose

TIR:

Toll/IL-1 receptor

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TIRAP:

TIR domain-containing adaptor protein, a.k.a. MAL (MyD88 adaptor like)

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TRAF:

TNF-receptor-associated factor

TRAM:

TRIF-related adaptor molecule

TRIF:

TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFNβ

uORF:

Upstream ORF

UPR:

Unfolded protein response

VP:

Virus protein

ZBP:

Z-DNA-binding protein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

    Cheng Xu, Amr A. A. Gamil, Koestan Gadan, Aase B. Mikalsen & Øystein Evensen

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  1. Cheng Xu
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  2. Amr A. A. Gamil
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  3. Koestan Gadan
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  4. Aase B. Mikalsen
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  5. Øystein Evensen
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Correspondence to Øystein Evensen .

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  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Kurt Buchmann

  2. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Christopher J. Secombes

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Xu, C., Gamil, A.A.A., Gadan, K., Mikalsen, A.B., Evensen, Ø. (2022). Antiviral Innate Immune Responses: Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and Salmonid Alphavirus. In: Buchmann, K., Secombes, C.J. (eds) Principles of Fish Immunology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_14

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