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Cytokines and Immunity

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Principles of Fish Immunology

Abstract

In this chapter the cytokine molecules and pathways present in teleost fish are described, with a focus on the different types of immunity with which they are associated. Whilst there are many molecules conserved between teleosts and mammals, differences do exist. Some novel cytokines are present, some absent (evolved later?) and often multiple copies/paralogues are found due to the extra rounds of whole-genome duplication that have occurred relative to most other vertebrates. In each section the cytokines present in zebrafish are outlined first, since this is an important model species that is increasingly used for in vivo functional analysis. The molecules present in other teleost groups, such as the salmonids, gadoids and perciforms, are then discussed. It will become clear that some important differences exist between these fish groups and this may influence how their response to a particular pathogen is regulated.

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Abbreviations

aa:

amino acid

AMP:

antimicrobial peptide

BAX:

BCL2-associated X protein – apoptosis regulator

BCL2:

B-cell lymphoma 2 – apoptosis regulator

BP:

binding protein

CCR:

CC chemokine receptor

cDNA:

complementary DNA

Chr:

chromosome

CKAP2L:

cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 like

ConA:

concanavalin A

COX2:

cyclooxygenase 2

CXCL:

CXC chemokine ligand

DC:

dendritic cell

EST:

expressed sequence tag

GH:

growth hormone

GM-CSF:

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HK:

head kidney

HPI axis:

hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal axis

ICE:

interleukin-1 converting enzyme/caspase 1

IFN:

interferon

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IHNV:

infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus – a rhabdovirus

IL:

interleukin

ILC:

innate lymphoid cell

IL-1R:

IL-1β receptor

ILT:

interbranchial lymphoid tissue

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

IPNV:

infectious pancreatic necrosis virus – a birnavirus

JAK:

Janus kinase

LEAP:

liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide

LT:

lymphotoxin

LTi:

lymphoid-tissue-inducer

MCSF:

macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MoAb:

monoclonal antibodies

α-MSH:

α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

NADPH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

nIL-1F:

novel IL-1 family member

NK:

natural killer

NLRP:

NLR family pyrin domain containing

NO:

nitric oxide

ORF:

open reading frame

PAMP:

pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PBL:

peripheral blood leucocytes

PHA:

phytohemagglutinin

PMA:

phorbol 13 acetate 12 myristate

Poly I:C:

polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid

PTEN:

phosphatase and tensin homolog

PURB:

transcriptional activator protein Pur-beta

ra:

receptor antagonist

RAG:

recombination activating gene

Rel:

related

ROR:

RAR-related orphan receptor

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SMG:

salmonid Mx group

SOCS:

suppressor of cytokine signalling

STAT:

signal transducer and activator of transcription

SVCV:

spring viraemia of carp virus – a rhabdovirus

TGF:

transforming growth factor

TNF:

tumour necrosis factor

TSLP:

thymic stromal lymphopoietin

UTR:

untranslated region

WGD:

whole-genome duplication

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

    Christopher J. Secombes

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  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Kurt Buchmann

  2. Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Christopher J. Secombes

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Secombes, C.J. (2022). Cytokines and Immunity. In: Buchmann, K., Secombes, C.J. (eds) Principles of Fish Immunology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_10

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