Skip to main content

A Framework for the Analysis of Personal Learning Networks

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 518 Accesses

Part of the book series: Research in Networked Learning ((RINL))

Abstract

In these critical Covid-19 times, HE institutions need to respond to the transition to online and blended learning and the networked student. This chapter presents an analysis of the size, use and preferences of Personal Learning Networks (PLNs). Using a novel Framework which conceptualises PLNs as egocentric interaction networks consisting of an Interaction Mode, an Interaction Purpose and an Interaction Endpoint and indicating Network Size (number of nodes), Network Use (interaction frequency) and Network Preferences.

Quantitative survey data was collected through the ‘Learning in the Network Age’ FutureLearn MOOC from 842 individuals in 92 different countries, with responses visualised in real-time as online network maps. Statistical analysis indicated that where we live, our attitude to technology, and whether we are at work or leisure significantly affects the size of our PLN. How we use our PLN is significantly impacted by our gender, life stage, main activity and attitude to technology. This causes differences in the size and use of a PLN. In contrast, our interaction preferences are barely impacted by any of these factors and shows considerable homogeneity between diverse people.

The data also indicated that HE student’s networks undergo growth and important changes to use and interaction preference on entering University.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • BBC News School Report. (2016, March 13). ‘Digital Detox’. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b074c8jp

  • Bijker, W. E. (1997). Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: Toward a theory of sociotechnical change. MIT press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2018). Analyzing social networks. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callon, M. (1999). Actor-network theory—The market test. The Sociological Review, 47(S1), 181–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, L., & Goodyear, P. (2014). The architecture of productive learning networks. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2011). The rise of the network society (Vol. 12). John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. (2000). Soft systems methodology: A thirty year retrospective. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(S1), S11–S58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. B. (1981). Systems thinking, systems practice. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. B., & Scholes, J. (1990). Soft systems methodology in action. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, T. G. (1978). Self-regulating work groups: A socio-technical synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 625–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J., Gregory, K., & McMillan-Cottom, T. (2016). Digital Sociologies. Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H. C. (2015). Challenging Orthodoxies in Digital Literacy: young people’s practices online. PhD Thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H. C., Halford, S. J., & Gibbins, N. (2012, June). Digital natives?: Investigating young people’s critical skills in evaluating web based information. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual ACM Web Science Conference (pp. 78–81). ACM.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L., & Ledington, P. (1991). Information in action: Soft systems methodology. Macmillan International Higher Education.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Laat, M., Lally, V., Simons, R. J., & Wenger, E. (2006). A selective analysis of empirical findings in networked learning research in higher education: Questing for coherence. Educational Research Review, 1(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Downes, S. (2005). An introduction to connective knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.downes.ca/post/33034 and published in T. Hug (Ed.) (2007, November 27). Media, knowledge & education—Exploring new spaces, relations and dynamics in digital media ecologies. Proceedings of the International Conference held on June 25–26, 2007. Type: B - Publications in Refereed Conference Proceedings.

  • Downes, S. (2006). Learning networks and connective knowledge. Collective Intelligence and Elearning, 20, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downes, S., 2007. Learning networks in practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • eMarketer. (2016). Marketers to boost Influencer budgets in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Marketers-Boost-Influencer-Budgets-2017/1014845

  • Engeström, Y. (2001). Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization. Journal of Education and Work, 14(1), 133–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss third edition. Sage Publishing, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy, 31(8–9), 1257–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyear, P. (2002). Psychological foundations for networked learning. In Networked learning: Perspectives and issues (pp. 49–75). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyear, P. (2005). Educational design and networked learning: Patterns, pattern languages and design practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 21(1), 82–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grabher, G., & Ibert, O. (2005). Bad company? The ambiguity of personal knowledge networks. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(3), 251–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. S. (1977). The strength of weak ties. Social Networks, 78, 347–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illich, I., 1971. Alternatives to Schooling. Times (London) Educational Supplement, 2945, pp.18-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, K. (2016). Academics’ online connections: Characterising the structure of personal networks on academic social networking sites and Twitter. In S. Cranmer, N. B. Dohn, M. de Laat, T. Ryberg, & J. A. Sime (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Networked Learning 2016 (pp. 414–421). Lancaster University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kop, R., & Hill, A. (2008). Connectivism: Learning theory of the future or vestige of the past? The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2016). “Together we are better”: Professional learning networks for teachers. Computers & Education, 102, 15–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, J. (1992). Notes on the theory of the actor-network: Ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems Practice, 5(4), 379–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luxton, D. D., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social media and suicide: A public health perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S2), S195–S200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, J., & Duin, A. H. (2015). Intercultural connectivism and personal learning networks in course redesign. Rhetoric, Professional Communication, and Globalization, 8(1), 22–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ofcom Media Report. (2016). Children and Parents: Media use and attitudes report. UK Government. Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0034/93976/Children-Parents-Media-Use-Attitudes-Report-2016.pdf

  • Ofcom Media Report. (2017). Adults’ media use and attitudes report. UK Government. Retrieved from https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/102755/adults-media-use-attitudes-2017.pdf

  • Orton-Johnson, K., & Prior, N. (Eds.). (2013). Digital sociology: Critical perspectives. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center. (2018). Internet/Broadband Factsheet. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/

  • Rainie, H., & Wellman, B. (2012). Networked: The new social operating system (p. 358). MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal, K., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., Van Bruggen, J., & Sloep, P. B. (2012). Understanding personal learning networks: Their structure, content and the networking skills needed to optimally use them. First Monday, 17(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L., Cotten, S.R., Ono, H., Quan-Haase, A., Mesch, G., Chen, W., Schulz, J., Hale, T.M. and Stern, M.J. (2015). Digital inequalities and why they matter. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 569–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusman, E., Prinsen, F., & Vermeulen, M. (2016). Unraveling networked learning initiatives: An analytic framework. Retrieved from https://dspace.ou.nl/bitstream/1820/6873/1/unraveling%20networked%20learning%20initiatives_dspace.pdf

  • Scott, J. (1988). Social network analysis. Sociology, 22(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. (2017). Social network analysis (4th ed.). Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Siemens, G. (2005a). Connectivism: Learning as network-creation. ASTD Learning News, 10(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siemens, G. (2005b). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trist, E. (1981). The evolution of socio-technical systems. Occasional Paper, 2, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trust, T. (2012). Professional learning networks designed for teacher learning. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 28(4), 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trust, T., Carpenter, J. P., & Krutka, D. G. (2017). Moving beyond silos: Professional learning networks in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 35, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Waes, S., Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., Heldens, H. H., Donche, V., Van Petegem, P., & Van den Bossche, P. (2016). The networked instructor: The quality of networks in different stages of professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 295–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, R. D., Evering, L. C., & Barrett, D. E. (2014). # TwitterforTeachers: The implications of Twitter as a self-directed professional development tool for K–12 teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 46(4), 396–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wand, Y. (1996). Ontology as a foundation for meta-modelling and method engineering. Information and Software Technology, 38(4), 281–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Visitors and residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S., & Davis, H. C. (2013). Making it rich and personal: Crafting an institutional personal learning environment. In Technologies, innovation, and change in personal and virtual learning environments (pp. 177–192). IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Witte, J. C., & Mannon, S. E. (2010). The internet and social inequalities. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas S. R. Fair .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fair, N.S.R. (2021). A Framework for the Analysis of Personal Learning Networks. In: Dohn, N.B., Hansen, J.J., Hansen, S.B., Ryberg, T., de Laat, M. (eds) Conceptualizing and Innovating Education and Work with Networked Learning. Research in Networked Learning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85241-2_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85241-2_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85240-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85241-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics