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Abbreviations
- ACE2:
-
Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AGPs:
-
Amino-alkyl glucosaminide phosphates
- AP-1s:
-
Activator protein-1
- CCL2:
-
Chemokine ligand 2
- CDC:
-
Centre for Disease Control and Measures
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease-19
- CTL:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DAMPs:
-
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- FP:
-
Fusion peptide
- HCS:
-
Highly conserved segment
- HTL:
-
Helper T lymphocyte
- IFN- γ:
-
Interferon- γ
- IkB:
-
Inhibitory subunit of NF-κβ
- IKK:
-
Inhibitor of κβ kinase
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IRAK:
-
Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase
- ISG:
-
IFN inducible genes
- LRR:
-
Leucine-rich repeats
- MAL:
-
MyD88 adapter-like
- MALP-2:
-
Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2
- MAPKs:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MERS:
-
Middle east respiratory syndrome
- MIP-1α:
-
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α
- MNA:
-
Microneedle array
- MPL:
-
Monophosphoryl lipid A
- MyD88:
-
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- NF-κβ:
-
Nuclear factor-κβ
- NiRAN:
-
N-terminal nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl-transferase
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- nsp:
-
Non-structural protein
- OEA:
-
Oleoylethanolamide
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- OxPL:
-
Oxidized phospholipid
- PAMPs:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- Poly IC:
-
Polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid
- Poly IC: LC:
-
Polyinosinic- polycytidylic acid, poly L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose
- PRRs:
-
Pattern-recognition receptors
- QFPD:
-
Qingfei Paidu Decoction
- RBD:
-
Receptor binding domain
- RdRp:
-
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- RIP1:
-
Receptor-interacting protein 1
- RSV:
-
Respiratory syncytial virus
- SARS:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- TAB1:
-
TAK1 binding protein
- TAK1:
-
TGF-β activating kinase
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
- TIR:
-
Toll/IL-1 receptor
- TIRAP:
-
TIR domain-containing adapter protein
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6
- TRAM:
-
TRIF-related adaptor molecule
- TRIF:
-
TIR-domain–containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
- Ubc13:
-
E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 13
- Uev1A:
-
E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 13 variant 1A
- VS:
-
Variable segment
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
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Acknowledgments
Ritwik Patra thanks the Department of Higher Education, Govt. of West Bengal, for awarding Swami Vivekananda Merit Cum Means Fellowship. We are thankful to the editors for inviting us to contribute a chapter. We acknowledge the efforts of all the doctors, health workers, scientists, and researchers currently working against the COVID-19 pandemic. We have included a selected number of references due to the limitation in space, but we do appreciate all the uncited articles dedicated to the research on coronavirus. The use of the plagiarism detection facility (URKUND software) of Kazi Nazrul University, India, and the online server app.BioRender.com for drawing the figures is also acknowledged.
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Patra, R., Das, N.C., Mukherjee, S. (2021). Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) as Therapeutic Targets for Treating SARS-CoV-2: An Immunobiological Perspective. In: Asea, A.A.A., Kaur, P. (eds) Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume I. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1352. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_6
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