Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- 2019-nCoV:
-
2019-novel coronavirus
- ACE2:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ARDS:
-
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- COVID-19:
-
Coronavirus disease 2019
- E:
-
Envelope protein
- FAO:
-
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- HLA:
-
Human leukocyte antigen
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IRF:
-
Interferon regulatory transcription factor
- M:
-
Membrane protein
- MERS-CoV:
-
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- N:
-
Nucleocapsid protein
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- NLRP:
-
NOD-like receptor
- NSP:
-
Nonstructural protein
- OIE:
-
World Organisation for Animal Health
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- PI(3,5)P2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate
- RBD:
-
Receptor binding domain
- RIG-I:
-
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I
- RLR:
-
RIG-I-like receptor
- S:
-
Spike protein
- SARS-CoV:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2:
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TPC2:
-
Two pore channel subtype 2
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
Artis D, Spits H (2015) The biology of innate lymphoid cells. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14189
Aylward, Bruce (WHO); Liang, Wannian (PRC) (2020) Report of the WHO-China joint Mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019
Báez-Santos YM, St. John SE, Mesecar AD (2015) The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015
BBC (2020a) Coronavirus: up to 70% of Germany could become infected - Merkel. BBC News, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51835856
BBC (2020b) Coronavirus: window of opportunity to act, World Health Organization says. BBC News. 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51368873
Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR (2009) Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809524106
Bourouiba L (2020) Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4756
Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Logan DW, Datta SR (2020) Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients. BioRxiv (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084
Campbell C (2020) The Wuhan pneumonia crisis highlights the danger in China’s opaque way of doing things. Time
Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Ojha R, Pedro LD, Djannatian M, Franz J, Kuivanen S, van der Meer F et al (2020) Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2985
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) “How COVID-19 Spreads.” U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fabout%2Ftransmission.html
Chan JFW, Kok KH, Zhu Z, Chu H, Kelvin Kai Wang To, Yuan S, Yuen KY (2020a) Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerging Microbes and Infections. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902
Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, Kai K, To W, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F et al (2020b) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
Chen IY, Moriyama M, Chang MF, Ichinohe T (2019) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Viroporin 3a activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00050
Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, Li J et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3
Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang G-Q (2020) Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25785
Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, Hui KPY, Yen H-L, Chan MCW, Peiris M, Poon LLM (2020) Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30003-3
Cohen J (2020) Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0611
Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, Bleicker T et al (2020) Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-NCoV) by Real-Time RT-PCR. In: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E (2020) The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-NCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742
Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL (2019) Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
Cui P, Chen Z, Wang T, Dai J, Zhang J, Ding T, Jiang J et al (2020) Clinical features and sexual transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 infected female patients: A descriptive study in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.20028225
Cyranoski D (2020) Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w
De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ (2016) SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
Doobay MF, Talman LS, Obr TD, Tian X, Davisson RL, Lazartigues E (2007) Differential expression of neuronal ACE2 in transgenic mice with overexpression of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00292.2006
DutchWaterSector (2020) Sewage water as Indicator for spreading of COVID-19. Dutch Water Sector 2020. https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/sewage-water-as-indicator-for-spreading-of-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR3G2QNSnpRkdd7mGfs_WwWu4Ka4jM7KVNffu4NyZ-tCT_jdB622natAuWU
El Najjar F, Lampe L, Baker ML, Wang LF, Dutch RE (2015) Analysis of Cathepsin and Furin proteolytic enzymes involved in viral fusion protein activation in cells of the bat reservoir host. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115736
Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015) Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
Frieman M, Ratia K, Johnston RE, Mesecar AD, Baric RS (2009) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease ubiquitin-like domain and catalytic domain regulate antagonism of IRF3 and NF- B signaling. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02220-08
Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W et al (2005) Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050828
Gu J, Han B, Wang J (2020) COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054
Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, Charles S Dela Cruz, et al. (2020a) Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa310
Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, Tan K-S, Wang D-Y, Yan Y (2020b) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Hansen TH, Bouvier M (2009) MHC class i antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies. Nat Rev Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2575
Heck TG, Ludwig MS, Frizzo MN, Rasia-Filho AA, de Bittencourt PIH (2020) Suppressed anti-inflammatory heat shock response in high-risk COVID-19 patients: lessons from basic research (inclusive bats), light on conceivable therapies. Clin Sci. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20200596
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Mü MA, Drosten C, Pö S, Krü N et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor article SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak.2020. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Jensen S, Thomsen AR (2012) Sensing of RNA viruses: A review of innate immune receptors involved in recognizing RNA virus invasion. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.05738-11
Knoops K, Kikkert M, Van Den Worm SHE, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Van Der Meer Y, Koster AJ, Mieke Mommaas A, Snijder EJ (2008) SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226
Kopecky-Bromberg SA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Frieman M, Baric RA, Palese P (2007) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus open reading frame (ORF) 3b, ORF 6, and nucleocapsid proteins function as interferon antagonists. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01782-06
Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, Liu Y, Edmunds J, Funk S, Eggo RM et al (2020) Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30144-4
Kupferschmidt K (2020) Study claiming new coronavirus can be transmitted by people without symptoms was flawed. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb1524
Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, Lessler J (2020) The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504
Li SW, Wang CY, Jou YJ, Huang SH, Hsiao LH, Wan L, Lin YJ, Kung SH, Lin CW (2016) SARS coronavirus papain-like protease inhibits the TLR7 signaling pathway through removing Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050678
Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Wan Y, Shaman J (2020a) Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science NY. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3221
Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Shemin L (2020b) Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharmaceutical Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
Lim Y, Ng Y, Tam J, Liu D (2016) Human coronaviruses: a review of virus–host interactions. Diseases. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4030026
Lintern S (2020) Coronavirus: 60% of UK population need to become infected so country can build ‘herd immunity’, Government’s chief scientist says. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-herd-immunity-uk-nhs-outbreak-pandemic-government-a9399101.html
Liu Q, Wang R, Guoqiang Q, Wang Y, Pan L, Zhu Y, Fei G, Ren L, Zhou Y, Liang (2020) Anatomy of a new coronavirus pneumonia death corpse system (Chinese). J Forensic Med China 36(1):21–23. https://doi.org/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.01.005
Lui PY, Wong LYR, Fung CL, Siu KL, Yeung ML, Yuen KS, Chan CP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY, Jin DY (2016) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein suppresses type I interferon expression through the inhibition of TBK1-dependent phosphorylation of IRF3. Emerging Microbes & Infections. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.33
Ma J (2020) Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced Back to November 17. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back
Mille JK, Whittaker GR (2014) Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, Furin-mediated activation of the spike protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407087111
Morawska L, Cao J (2020) Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the world should face the reality. Environ Int 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
Nguyen A, David JK, Maden SK, Wood MA, Weeder BR, Nellore A, Thompson RF (2020) Human leukocyte antigen susceptibility map for SARS-CoV-2. MedRxiv (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040600
Nieto-Torres JL, Verdiá-Báguena C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Fernandez-Delgado R, Torres J, Aguilella VM, Enjuanes L (2015) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Virology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.010
Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L et al (2020) Characterization of spike glycoprotein of 2019- NCoV on virus entry and its immune cross- reactivity with spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020:1–38. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.24016/v1
Oudshoorn D, Rijs K, Limpens RWAL, Groen K, Koster AJ, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Bárcena M (2017) Expression and cleavage of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Nsp3-4 polyprotein induce the formation of double-membrane vesicles that mimic those associated with coronaviral RNA replication. MBio. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01658-17
Pasquato A, Dettin M, Basak A, Gambaretto R, Tonin L, Seidah NG, Di Bello C (2007) Heparin enhances the furin cleavage of HIV-1 Gp160 peptides. FEBS Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.050
Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19–associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187
Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T (2020) Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. https://doi.org/10.12932/AP-200220-0772
Ren X, Glende J, Al-Falah M, de Vries V, Schwegmann-Wessels C, Xiuxia Q, Tan L et al (2006) Analysis of ACE2 in polarized epithelial cells: surface expression and function as receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. J Gen Virol. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81749-0
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN (2020) The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R (2020) High contagiousness and rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200282
Santarpia JL, Rivera DN, Herrera V, Morwitzer MJ, Creager H, Santarpia GW, Crown KK et al (2020) Transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2 in viral shedding observed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.23.20039446
Saplakoglu Y (2020) How will the coronavirus outbreak end? Livescience 2020. https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-outbreak-end.html
Shen LW, Mao HJ, Wu YL, Tanaka Y, Zhang W (2017) TMPRSS2: A potential target for treatment of influenza virus and coronavirus infections. Biochimie. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.07.016
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Bucci E, Piacentini M, Ippolito G, Melino G (2020) COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S (2013) Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research. Antiviral Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.028
Stobbe M (2020) Wuhan coronavirus? 2019 NCoV? Naming a new disease. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2020/02/08/wuhan-coronavirus-disease-names/
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, Sivertsson Å et al (2015) Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260419
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A et al (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Wang S, Qi C, Liu Z, Xu T, Yao C (2019) Endogenous heparin-like substances may cause coagulopathy in a patient with severe postpartum hemorrhage. Transfus Med Hemother. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504610
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B et al (2020a) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Wang J, Tang K, Feng K, Lv W (2020b) High temperature and high humidity reduce the transmission of COVID-19. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551767
Wathelet MG, Orr M, Frieman MB, Baric RS (2007) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus evades antiviral signaling: role of Nsp1 and rational design of an attenuated strain. J Virol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00702-07
WHO (2003) First data on stability and resistance of SARS coronavirus compiled by members of WHO laboratory network. WHO. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/survival_2003_05_04/en/?fbclid=IwAR2tORhSZ2_YDCDI-w8NjcAWc5z_BTzgVha-8kIc8dzbt_BbXDTJfKTDC8Q
WHO (Press release) (2020) WHO director-general’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 -11 March 2020. World Health Organization 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19%2D%2D-11-march-2020
WHO. 2003 (2020) Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. World Health Organization 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
Wong MC, Javornik SJ, Cregeen, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF (2020) Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of NCoV-2019. BioRxiv 2013:2020.02.07.939207. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.939207
Wosen JE, Mukhopadhyay D, MacAubas C, Mellins ED (2018) Epithelial MHC class II expression and its role in antigen presentation in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Front Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02144
Xia S, Liu M, Wang C, Xu W, Lan Q, Feng S, Qi F et al (2020) Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection (previously 2019-NCoV) by a highly potent Pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell Res. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.983247
Xin P (2007) Binding action between SARS-CoV S666 protein and ACE2 receptor in eyes. Recent Adv Ophthalmol
Xu H, Liang Z, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q (2020a) High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-NCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S et al (2020b) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
Yang X, Chen X, Bian G, Jian T, Xing Y, Wang Y, Chen Z (2014) Proteolytic processing, Deubiquitinase and interferon antagonist activities of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease. J Gen Virol. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.059014-0
Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yu M, Zuo W (2020) Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-NCov. BioRxiv 2.: 2020.01.26.919985. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985
Zheng (Jun. 2020) SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Int J Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si H-R et al (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z (2020) Single-cell RNA-Seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-NCoV infection. Front Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0
Acknowledgments
This study was supported in part by the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo.
Conflict of Interest
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mallick, R., Duttaroy, A.K. (2021). Epidemiology, Transmission, and Molecular Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. In: Asea, A.A.A., Kaur, P. (eds) Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume I. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1352. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85108-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85109-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)