Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drug Use and Mental Health: Comorbidity between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Substance and Non-Substance Related Addictions

  • 1193 Accesses

Abstract

Mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders commonly occur with alcohol and substance use disorders; such comorbidity is often associated with higher disease severity, lower functioning, and poorer treatment response. This high prevalence of substance and non-substance use disorders points to a common etiology with shared genetic and neurobiological features. It is recognized that environmental factors of low parental monitoring and trauma play a contributory role in this shared etiology. Given the high prevalence of dual-diagnosis disorders, patients presenting for treatment of one category of disorder should be carefully evaluated for the presence of the other. Empirically validated screening and diagnostic instruments may be combined with the clinical interview for a comprehensive assessment of psychiatric and substance use disorders, as well as their temporal relation to each other. Treatment of co-occurring disorders often includes a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, to improve symptom management and treatment adherence. While pharmacotherapies are often more effective in targeting the non-substance-related comorbidity, available medications which specifically target reducing substance use should be included in the treatment plan as needed. Timely identification and treatment of one disorder with evidence-based psychotherapies and behavioral therapies often leads to an improved prognosis for the other disorder. In sum, the integration of psychiatric and substance use disorder treatment has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of a wide spectrum of these frequently co-occurring conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Akerman SC, Brunette MF, Noordsy DL, Green AI. Pharmacotherapy of co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(4):251–60.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Alegria AA, Hasin DS, Nunes EV, Liu SM, Davies C, Grant BF, Blanco C. Comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder and substance use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(9):1187–95. quiz 1252–1253

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington DC; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ameringer KJ, Leventhal AM. Associations between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Domains and DSM-IV Lifetime Substance Dependence. Am J Addict. 2013;22(1) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00325.x.

  5. Andersen AM, Pietrzak RH, Kranzler HR, Ma L, Zhou H, Liu X, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Edenberg HJ, Nurnberger JI Jr, Rice JP, Tischfield JA, Goate A, Foroud TM, Meyers JL, Porjesz B, Dick DM, Hesselbrock V, Boerwinkle E, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Weissman MM, Levinson DF, Potash JB, Gelernter J, Han S. Polygenic Scores for Major Depressive Disorder and Risk of Alcohol Dependence. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(11):1153–60.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Arranz B, Garriga M, García-Rizo C, San L. Clozapine use in patients with schizophrenia and a comorbid substance use disorder: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28(2):227–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baigent M. Managing patients with dual diagnosis in psychiatric practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(3):201–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bega S, Schaffer A, Goldstein B, Levitt A. Differentiating between bipolar disorder types I and II: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). J Affect Disord. 2012;138:46–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blanco C, Alderson D, Ogburn E, et al. Changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Drug Alcohol Dep. 2007;90:252–60.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Blanco C, Alegría AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, Nunes EV. Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):865–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Boland M, Rielage JK, Hoyt T. The power of negative mood in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse comorbidity. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(5):572–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Breslau J, Kendler KS, Su M, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Kessler RC. Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychol Med. 2005;35:317–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Brown PJ, Wolfe J. Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994;35(1):51–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chambers RA, Krystal JH, Self DW. A neurobiological basis for substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(2):71–83.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Charach A, Yeung E, Climans T, Lillie E. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: comparative meta-analyses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:9–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chilcoat HD, Breslau N. Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: testing causal pathways. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(10):913–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Crunelle CL, van den Brink W, Moggi F, Konstenius M, Franck J, Levin FR, van de Glind G, Demetrovics Z, Coetzee C, Luderer M, Schellekens A. ICASA consensus group, Matthys F. International Consensus Statement on Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Eur Addict Res. 2018;24(1):43–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Crump C, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K, et al. Comorbidities and mortality in persons with schizophrenia: a Swedish national cohort study. A large cohort study demonstrating the premature morbidity and mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):324–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dakwar E, Nunes EV, Bisaga A, Carpenter KC, Mariani JP, Sullivan MA, Raby WN, Levin FR. A comparison of independent depression and substance-induced depression in cannabis-, cocaine-, and opioid-dependent treatment seekers. Am J Addict. 2011;20(5):441–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Davis LL, Pilkinton P, Wisniewski SR, Trivedi MH, Gaynes BN, Howland RH, Zisook S, Balasubramani GK, Fava M, Rush AJ. Effect of concurrent substance use disorder on the effectiveness of single and combination antidepressant medications for the treatment of major depression: an exploratory analysis of a single-blind randomized trial. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(2):111–22.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Davis LL, Wisniewski SR, Howland RH, et al. Does comorbid substance use disorder impair recovery from major depression with SSRI treatment? An analysis of the STAR*D level one treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;107(2–3):161–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Donoghue K, Doody GA. Effect of illegal substance use on cognitive function in individuals with psychotic disorder: a review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(6):785–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Estévez-Lamorte N, Foster S, Eich-Höchli D, Moggi F, Gmel G, Mohler-Kuo M. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, risky substance use and substance use disorders: a follow-up study among young men. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018 Nov 27; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0958-3.

  24. Fatséas M, Hurmic H, Serre F, Debrabant R, Daulouède JP, Denis C, Auriacombe M. Addiction severity pattern associated with adult and childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with addictions. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:656–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Cahill SP. Emotional processing theory: an update. In: Rothbaum BO, editor. Emotional processing theory: an update. New York: Emotional Processing Theory; 2006. p. 3–24. An Update.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fowles D. Schizophrenia: diathesis-stress revisited. Annu Rev Psychol. 1992;43(1):303–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Galbraith T, Heimberg RG, Wang S, Schneier FR, Blanco C. Comorbidity of social anxiety disorder and antisocial personality disorder in the National Epidemiological Survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:57–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K, Zimmerman B, Frazier J, Williams M, Heath J. Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry. 1998;37:171–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Godette DC, Headen S, Ford CL. Windows of opportunity: fundamental concepts for understanding alcohol-related disparities experienced by young blacks in the United States. Prev Sci. 2006;7:311–87.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Green AI, Burgess ES, Dawson R, Zimmet SV, Strous RD. Alcohol and cannabis use in schizophrenia: effects of clozapine vs. risperidone. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(1):81–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Green AI, Zimmet SV, Strous RD, et al. Clozapine for comorbid substance use disorder and schizophrenia: do patients with schizophrenia have a reward-deficiency syndrome that can be ameliorated by clozapine? Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1999;6(6):287–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Groenman AP, Greven CU, van Donkelaar MM, Schellekens A, van Hulzen KJ, Rommelse N, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Luman M, Franke B, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK. Dopamine and serotonin genetic risk scores predicting substance and nicotine use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Addict Biol. 2016;21(4):915–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Guo G, Wilhelmsen K, Hamilton N. Gene-lifecourse interaction for alcohol consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: five monoamine genes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007;144b:417–23.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gurriarán X, Rodríguez-López J, Flórez G, Pereiro C, Fernández JM, Fariñas E, Estévez V, Arrojo M, Costas J. GenPol study group. Relationships between substance abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders based on polygenic scores. Genes Brain Behav. 2018;4:e12504.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hartz SM, Pato CN, Medeiros H, et al. Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(3):248–54.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hasin D, Kilcoyne B. Comorbidity of psychiatric and substance use disorders in the United States: current issues and findings from the NESARC. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(3):165–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Hiemstra M, Nelemans SA, Branje S, van Eijk KR, Hottenga JJ, Vinkers CH, van Lier P, Meeus W, Boks MP. Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia is associated with cannabis use patterns during adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;190:143–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hill MN, Gorzalka BB. The endocannabinoid system and the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009;8(6):451–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hirschfield R, Hasin D, Keller M, Endicott J, Wunder J. Depression and alcoholism: comorbidity in a longitudinal survey. In: Maser J, Cloninger C, editors. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990. p. 293–304.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hodgson K, Almasy L, Knowles EE, Kent JW, Curran JE, Dyer TD, Göring HH, Olvera RL, Fox PT, Pearlson GD, Krystal JH, Duggirala R, Blangero J, Glahn DC. Genome-wide significant loci for addiction and anxiety. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;36:47–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, Lai HMX, Saunders JB. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:234–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ilbegi S, Groenman AP, Schellekens A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, Franke B, Faraone SV, Rommelse NNJ, Buitelaar JK. Substance use and nicotine dependence in persistent, remittent, and late-onset ADHD: a 10-year longitudinal study from childhood to young adulthood. J Neurodev Disord. 2018;10(1):42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, Fallu A, Klassen LJ. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):302.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Kelly TM, Daley DC. Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(3–4):388–406.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Kelly TM, Daley DC, Douaihy A. Treatment of substance abusing patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addict Behav. 2012;37(1):11–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kessler RC. The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:730–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR. National Comorbidity Survey R the epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997;4(5):231–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kronenberg LM, Goossens PJ, van Etten DM, van Achterberg T, van den Brink W. Need for care and life satisfaction in adult substance use disorder patients with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2015;51:4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Krawczyk N, Feder KA, Saloner B, Crum RM, Kealhofer M, Mojtabai R. The association of psychiatric comorbidity with treatment completion among clients admitted to substance use treatment programs in a U.S. national sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;1(175):157–63.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Larun L, Helseth V, Bramness JG, Haugurud H, Hoie B, Grawe RW, Kornor H, Landhein A, Lossius K, Hammerstrom KT, Waal H. Dual diagnoses – substance use disorder and severe mental illness: Part I – accuracy of screening and diagnostic instruments. Oslo, Norway: Knowledge Centre for the Health Services at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH); 2007 Dec. Report from Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (NOKC) No. 21–2007.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lee JA, Mavis BE, Stoffelmayr BE. A comparison of problems of life for blacks and whites entering substance use programs. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1991;23(3):233–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Levin FR, Evans SM, Vosburg SK, Horton T, Brooks D, Ng J. Impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other psychopathology on treatment retention among cocaine abusers in a therapeutic community. Addict Behav. 2004;29:1875–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, Sjolander A, Serlachius E, Fazel S, et al. Medication for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2006–14.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Luo S, Levin FR. Towards Precision Addiction Treatment: New Findings in Co-morbid Substance Use and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(3):14.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Lybrand J, Caroff S. Management of schizophrenia with substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;32(4):821–33.

    Google Scholar 

  57. McCauley JL, Killeen T, Gros DF, Brady KT, Back SE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment. Clin Psychol (New York). 2012;19(3):1.

    Google Scholar 

  58. McFarlane AC. Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between ptsd and alcohol abuse: the nature of the association. Addict Behav. 1998;23(6):813–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Maremmani AGI, Pani PP, Rovai L, Bacciardi S, Maremmani I. Toward the identification of a specific psychopathology of substance use disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2017:27;8:68.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Merikangas KR, Risch NJ, Weissman MM. Comorbidity and co-transmission of alcoholism, anxiety and depression. Psychol Med. 1994;24(1):69–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Messer T, Lammers G, Müller-Siecheneder F, Schmidt RF, Latifi S. Substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2017;253:338–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mueser KT, Gingerich S. Treatment of co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders. Soc Work Pub Health. 2013;28(3–4):424–39.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Xie H, Jankowski MK, Bolton EE, Lu W, et al. Wolfe R. a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76:259–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Ng E, Browne CJ, Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Depression and substance use comorbidity: what we have learned from animal studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(4):456–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Nunes EV, Levin FR. Treating depression in substance abusers. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8(5):363–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nunes EV, Levin FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(15):1887–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nunes EV, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM. Treating anxiety in patients with alcoholism. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nunes EV, Rounsaville BJ. Comorbidity of substance use with depression and other mental disorders: from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) to DSM-V. Addiction. 2006;101(Suppl. 1):89–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ojeda VD, McGuire TG. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in use of outpatient mental health and substance use services by depressed adults. Psychiatry Q. 2006;77(3):211–22.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Oliveira LM, Bermudez MB, Macedo MJA, Passos IC. Comorbid social anxiety disorder in patients with alcohol use disorder: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;106:8–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Østergaard MLD, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Associations between substance use disorders and suicide or suicide attempts in people with mental illness: a Danish nation-wide, prospective, register-based study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression or personality disorder. Addiction. 2017;112(7):1250–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Owen RR, Fischer EP, Booth BM, et al. Medication noncompliance and substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47(8):853–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Parmar A, Kaloiya G. Comorbidity of personality disorder among substance use disorder patients: A narrative review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2018;40(6):517–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Pettinati HM, Oslin DW, Kampman KM, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial combining sertraline and naltrexone for treating co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):668–75.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Polimanti R, Agrawal A, Gelernter J. Schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity: a genome-wide perspective. Genome Med. 2017;9(1):25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Preuss UW (2008) Abhängigkeitserkrankungen und Psychosen: Erkenntnisse und Kontroversen in Vorbereitung auf neue Klassifikationssysteme. Die Psychiatrie 2:61–68. Cited in Preuss et al. 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Preuss UW, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Havemann-Reinecke U, Schafer I, Beutel M, Hoch E, Mann KF. Psychiatric comorbidity in alcohol use disorders: results from the German S3 guidelines. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268(3):219–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Prisciandaro JJ, Brown DG, Brady KT, Tolliver BK. Comorbid anxiety disorders and baseline medication regimens predict clinical outcomes in individuals with co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2011;188(3):361–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Quednow BB, Brinkmeyer J, Mobascher A, Nothnagel M, Musso F, Grunder G, et al. Schizophrenia risk polymorphisms in the TCF4 gene interact with smoking in the modulation of auditory sensory gating. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:6271–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Redmond ML, Watkins DC, Broman CL, Abelson JM, Neighbors HW. Ethnic and gender differences in help seeking for substance disorders among black Americans. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017;4(2):308–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study JAMA. 1990a;264:2511–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, Bisson JI. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016a;4:CD010204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, Goodwin FK. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA. 1990b;264(19):2511–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roberts NP, Roberts PA, Jones N, Bisson JI. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016b;4(4):CD010204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Roth RM, Brunette MF, Green AI. Treatment of substance use disorders in schizophrenia: a unifying neurobiological mechanism? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2005;7(4):283–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. San L, Arranz B, Martinez-Raga J. Antipsychotic drug treatment of schizophrenic patients with substance abuse disorders. Eur Addict Res. 2007;13:230–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sanchez K, Walker R, Campbell AN, Greer TL, Hu MC, Grannemann BD, Nunes EV, Trivedi MH. Depressive Symptoms and Associated Clinical Characteristics in Outpatients Seeking Community-Based Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Problems. Subst Abus. 2015;36(3):297–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schellekens AF, de Jong CA, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ. Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(1):128–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Scott JG, Matuschka L, Niemelä S, Miettunen J, Emmerson B, Mustonen A. Evidence of a causal relationship between smoking tobacco and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Front Psych. 2018;9:607. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Sher L, Stanley BH, Harkavy-Friedman JM, et al. Depressed patients with co-occurring alcohol use disorders: a unique patient population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(6):907–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Shiner B, Leonard Westgate C, Bernardy NC, Schnurr PP, Watts BV. Trends in Opioid Use Disorder Diagnoses and Medication Treatment Among Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Dual Diagn. 2017;13(3):201–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Siris SG. Pharmacological treatment of substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(1):111–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Soler Artigas M, Sánchez-Mora C, Rovira P, Richarte V, Garcia-Martínez I, Pagerols M, Demontis D, Stringer S; ADHD Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Vink JM, Børglum AD, Neale BM, Franke B1, Faraone SV, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and lifetime cannabis use: genetic overlap and causality. Mol Psychiatry. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0339-3.

  94. Swartz MS, Wagner HR, Swanson JW, et al. Substance use in persons with schizophrenia: baseline prevalence and correlates from the NIMH CATIE study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(3):164–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Szaflarski M, Bauldry S, Cubbins LA, Meganathan K. Nativity, Race-Ethnicity, and Dual Diagnosis among US Adults. Res Sociol Health Care. 2017;35:171–91.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Tamburin S, Federico A, Morbioli L, Faccini M, Casari R, Zamboni L, Briguglio G, Lugoboni F. Screening for adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in high-dose benzodiazepine dependent patients. Am J Addict. 2017;26(6):610–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Tirado Muñoz J, Farré A, Mestre-Pintó J, Szerman N, Torrens M. Dual diagnosis in Depression: treatment recommendations. Adicciones. 2018;30(1):66–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Torrens M, Martin-Santos R, Samet S. Importance of clinical diagnoses for comorbidity studies in substance use disorders. Neurotox Res. 2006;10(3–4):253–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Torrens M, Rossi PC, Martinez-Riera R, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Bulbena A. Psychiatric co-morbidity and substance use disorders: treatment in parallel systems or in one integrated system? Subst Use Misuse. 2012;47(8–9):1005–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Trudeau KJ, Burtner J, Villapiano AJ, Jones M, Butler SF, Joshi K. Burden of schizophrenia or psychosis-related symptoms in adults undergoing substance abuse evaluation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2018;206(7):528–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, Vedel E, Kramer FJ, Koeter MW, Schoevers RA, van den Brink W. Diagnosing ADHD during active substance use: feasible or flawed? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:371–5.

    Google Scholar 

  102. van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Smit F, Crunelle CL, Swets M, Schoevers RA. Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in substance use disorder patients: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;122:11–9.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Varo C, Murru A, Salagre E, Jiménez E, Solé B, Montejo L, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, Grande I, Martínez-Arán A, Vieta E, Reinares M. Behavioral addictions in bipolar disorders: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018:S0924-977X(18)30847–2.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Volkow ND. The reality of comorbidity: depression and drug abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(10):714–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Walker EF, Diforio D. Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model. Psychol Rev. 1997;104(4):667.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Zulauf CA, Sprich SE, Safren SA, Wilens TE. The complicated relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16:436.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Maria A. Sullivan

Authors
  1. Maria A. Sullivan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria A. Sullivan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA

    Evaristo Akerele

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sullivan, M.A. (2022). Drug Use and Mental Health: Comorbidity between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders. In: Akerele, E. (eds) Substance and Non-Substance Related Addictions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84834-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84834-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84833-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84834-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation