Abstract
In this concluding chapter three main topics will be addressed: (1) the changing function of the Savoia heirs and how their role moulded their objectives and the monarchy’s identity; (2) the way in which the Italianising assignment undertaken by the heirs changed Italy throughout the nineteenth century; and finally (3) the question of monarchical functions, soft power and modernisation, and how these applied to the royal heirs. These three issues lay out the main factors which characterised the Savoia heirs within the context of nineteenth-century constitutional monarchical Italy and the soft power framework that they constructed.
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Notes
- 1.
ACS, Carte Francesco Crispi, Busta 9, Telegram from Prefect Codronchi to the Minister of the Interior, A/6.1.
- 2.
ACS, Carte Francesco Crispi, Busta 9, Telegram from Prefect Stefani to the Minister of the Interior, A/6.2.
- 3.
ACS, Carte Francesco Crispi, Deputazione Patria Palermo, Busta 74, Telegram from Prefect Pacini to the Minister of the Interior, A/6.3
- 4.
L’Opinione, 24/11/1868, 1, A/6.5.
- 5.
As Patriarca points out, D’Azeglio did not actually write the famous phrase, ‘We have made Italy, now we must make Italians,’ but it was implied in his memoirs. His was actually preoccupated that Italy had been made, ‘but Italians are not coming into being.’ Patriarca, Italianità, 51; Massimo D’Azeglio, I Miei Ricordi, (Florence, 1867), pp. 6–7.
- 6.
Ernesto Ragionieri, Ruggiero Romano, and Corrado Vivanti, eds., Storia d’Italia. 4 (Turin, 1977), 1675.
- 7.
Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution, 36–37.
- 8.
Levra, Fare gli Italiani, 301–340; Catherine Brice, ‘La monarchie, un acteur oublié de la ‘nationalisation’ des Italiens?’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, V. 45, N. 1, (Jan–Mar 1998), 147–169; 154.
- 9.
Brice, Monarchie et Identité Nationale, 11.
- 10.
Levra, Fare gli Italiani; Körner, Politics; Catherine Brice, Monarchie et Identité Nationale; Brice, ‘Monarchy and Nation’, 53–72.
- 11.
As Martin Kohlrausch called Wilhelm II’s rule in ‘The Unmanly Emperor: Wilhelm II and the Fragility of the Royal Individual,’ in Regina Schulte, ed., The Body of the Queen, 254–280; Giloi, Monarchy, 7.
- 12.
For more on the subject of constitutional monarchies and modernisation see studies such as M. Prutsch, Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany (Basingstoke, 2012); Volker Sellin, European Monarchies from 1814 to 1906: A Century of Restorations (Munich, 2017); Kirsch, Monarch und Parlament im 19. Jahrhundert; Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution.
- 13.
Alan Kahan, Liberalism in Nineteenth Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage (Basingstoke, 2003), 184.
- 14.
Monika Wienfort, ‘Dynastic Heritage and Bourgeois Morals,’ 165.
- 15.
Anderson, Imagined Communities, 37–46; Gillis, Commemorations, 3.
- 16.
Danilo Breschi, A queen without a scepter: public opinion and the political-constitutional debate in Italia in the first fifty years of national unification,’ Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Vol. 18, N.3, 309–321, 319.
- 17.
Büschel, Untertanenliebe, passim.
- 18.
Zanichelli, Monarchia e papato, 222, A/6.6.
- 19.
Plunkett, Queen Victoria, 13–67; Homans, Royal Representations, 1–57; Elizabeth Langland, ‘Nation and Nationality: Queen Victoria in the developing narrative of Englishness,’ in Margaret Homans, ed., Remaking Queen Victoria (Cambridge, 1997), 13–33; Friefeld, ‘Empress Elisabeth as Hungarian Queen,’ 138–161; Unowsky, The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism, 77–106; Giloi, Monarchy, 266–293; Clark, Wilhelm II, 218–255.
- 20.
Francesco Crispi, Scritti e Discorsi politici (1849–1890), 444–446, A/C.7.
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Marchi, M.C. (2022). Conclusion. In: The Heirs to the Savoia Throne and the Construction of ‘Italianità’, 1860-1900. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84585-8_6
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