Gender and Family: Realms of Royalty

Marchi, Maria Christina

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84585-8_4

Maria Christina Marchi⁶

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy ((PSMM))

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Abstract

With the heirs to the throne taking centre stage in the post-Risorgimento period, the role of each royal family member was evolving in parallel with the wider structural shift from hard power to soft power. This chapter shows how these changes occurred through the lens of gender and family, which became central components for the construction of both the public and ‘publicly private’ realms of the Italian crown. In order to examine this dual aspect of royal display, this chapter focuses on three components of gender and family, including the evolution of monarchical gender roles, the role that each royal couple played on the public stage and the projection of the family image within the ‘publicly private’ sphere.

With the loyalty of a King, and the love of a father…

—Opening statement of the Statuto Albertino (1848, 1)

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Notes

1.
Riall, ‘Men at War,’ 152–170.
2.
Mack Smith, Italy, 46; Giovanni Gigliozzi, Le regine d’Italia: la bella Rosina regina senza corona, Margherita l’ammaliatrice, Elena la casalinga, Maria José la regina di maggio (Rome, 1997), 26.
3.
Arturo Santini, La Leggenda di Margherita di Savoia nei secoli futuri, (Milan, 1901), 21, A/4.1.
4.
Nicoletta Bazzano, Donna Italia: storia di un’allegoria dall’antichità ai giorni nostri (Costabissara, 2011).
5.
Gabriella Hauch, ‘Did Women Have a Revolution? Gender Battles in the European Revolution of 1848/49’, in Axel Körner, ed., 1848 – A European Revolution? International Ideas of National Memories of 1848, (Basingstoke, 2000), 64–81, 75; Vincenzo di Tergolina, Omaggio Pel Fausto Matrimonio tra Umberto Principe Reale d’Italia e Margherita Principessa di Genova, (London, 1868), 5.
6.
See Bagehot, The English Constitution. As has already been discussed, the notion of having an exemplary family on the throne was a European-wide attempt at creating a new place for the crown and helping it promote a less political and more bourgeois image, making it akin to its people.
7.
Nye, Soft Power, 7.
8.
Schama, ‘The Domestication of Majesty,’ 155–183. Abigail Green highlights that in early nineteenth-century Württemberg ‘the King and Queen were often referred to as one unit, ‘the royal couple’ and functioned as different sides of the same coin’. See Fatherlands, 87.
9.
Körner, Politics, 202; George L Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York, 1985), 10.
10.
Marco Meriggi, ‘The Italian Borghesia,’ in Jürgen Kocka and Allen Mitchell, eds., Bourgeois Society in Nineteenth-Century Europe, (Oxford, 1993), 423–438; 427.
11.
Kocka, ‘The European Pattern and the German Case,’ in Kocka and Mitchell, eds. Bourgeois Society, 6; Hannu Salmi, Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Cultural History, (Cambridge, 2008), 72–87; Prochaska, Royal Bounty, 100–135.
12.
Schama, ‘The Domestication of Majesty,’ 183.
13.
Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Introduction: Fifty Years of the King’s Two Bodies’, Representations, 106 (1)(2009): 63–66, 64.
14.
Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. (Princeton, 1957), 6.
15.
Francesco Luciani, ‘La “Monarchia popolare”. Immagini del re e nazionalizzazione delle masse negli anni della Sinistra al potere (1876–1891)’, Cheiron A.13, no. 25/26 (1996): 1000–1048; Raffaele Romanelli, Storia dello Stato italiano dall’Unità a oggi (Rome, 1995), 91.
16.
Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies, 20–21; Schulte, The Body of the Queen, 2.
17.
Schulte, The Body of the Queen, 99.
18.
Nye, Soft Power, 6.
19.
Eisenstadt, ‘Multiple Modernities,’ 2.
20.
Linda K. Kerber, ‘Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman’s Place: The Rhetoric of Women’s History’, The Journal of American History 75, no. 1 (1988): 9–39; Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallace, Encyclopedia of Feminist Literary Theory (Garland, 1997), 366.
21.
Amanda Vickery, ‘Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women’s History’, The Historical Journal 36, no. 2 (June 1993): 383–414, 383.
22.
Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality, 17. See also Karen Hagemann, “‘Mannlicher Muth un Teutsche Ehre’: Nation, Militär und Geschlecht zur Zeit der Antinapoleonischen Kriege Preussens”, (Paderborn, 2002).
23.
Levra, Fare gli Italiani, 8; Umberto Levra, ‘Vittorio Emanuele II’ in Mario Isnenghi, ed., I luoghi della memoria. Strutture ed eventi dell’Italia unita, (Rome, 1997), 47–64.
24.
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ (W) 01/12/1855 (Princess Beatrice’s Copies).
25.
Fulford, ed., Darling Child, 110; from the Crown Princess to Queen Victoria, 25/09/1873.
26.
Prochaska, Royal Bounty, 79–80.
27.
Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Life in Power (London, 2009), 218–255; Unowsky, The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism, 97.
28.
During his exile (1946–1983), Umberto II made it clear that the notion that the Savoia were first and foremost soldiers still defined them in the twentieth century. He stated that: ‘the Savoia were soldier kings […] and they prepared themselves for this destiny from childhood onwards.’ Giovanni Artieri, Umberto II e la crisi della monarchia (Milan, 1983), 126.
29.
As discussed in Chap. 3.
30.
Banti, La Nazione Del Risorgimento, 3–55.
31.
Adrian Lyttleton, ‘Creating a National Past: History, Myth and Image in the Risorgimento,’ in Albert Russell Ascoli and Krystyna Clara Von Henneberg, eds., Making and Remaking Italy: The Cultivation of National Identity around the Risorgimento (Oxford, 2001), 27–76, 33–36; Riall, Garibaldi, 298.
32.
Riall, ‘Men at War’, 154.
33.
De Meis, Il sovrano, 66.
34.
See works like Alessandro Albertini, La dinastia di Savoia: breve storia biografica popolare compilata per le scuole primarie. (Perugia, 1890); Lorenzo Bettini, I Martiri E I Fattori Dell’unità E Indipendenza d’Italia E Cenni Biografici D’altri Italiani Illustri Antichi E Moderni: Libretto Di Geografia E Storia Patria, 1889; Siro Corti, Racconti e biografie di storia patria: ad uso delle scuole primarie e popolari (Torino, 1889); Raffaele Altavilla, Cento racconti di storia patria ad uso delle scuole elementari e tecniche del professore Raffaele Altavilla (Torino, 1873); Giuseppe. Massari, La vita ed il regno di Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia, primo re d’Italia (Milano, 1878).
35.
Ferrara degli Uberti, Making Italian Jews, p. 190.
36.
Ferrara degli Uberti, Making Italian Jews, p. 170.
37.
Crispi, Discorsi Parlamentari di Francesco Crispi, 716–717.
38.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XV, N. 20, 6/05/1888, 349.
39.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XV, N.22, 20/05/1888, 373–374.
40.
Porciani, La Festa Della Nazione, 152.
41.
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ (W) 24/07/1891 (Princess Beatrice’s Copies).
42.
Farini, Diario di fine secolo, II, 1050, 21/10/1896; Paulucci, Alla corte di Re Umberto, 13/10/1892, 59.
43.
George L. Mosse, The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (New York, 1996), 8; 77.
44.
Lucy Riall, ‘Men at War,’ 152–170.
45.
M. Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male? Recent Research on Nineteenth and Twentieth-century British Masculinity’, The Historical Journal 45 (2002) 637–652, 641; Peter Uwe Hohendahl, ‘The New Man: Theories of Masculinity around 1800’, in Goethe Yearbook 15 (Suffolk, 2008), 212.
46.
Santini, La leggenda di Margherita di Savoia, 35; Mosse, The Image of Man, 9.
47.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno V., N. 1., 6/01/1878, 35.
48.
Ugo Pesci, Vittorio Emanuele: Il Re Liberatore, (Milano, 1896), 16; 39.
49.
ASF, Carte Bianchi Ricasoli, Busta L Inserto B, ‘Relazione Storica delle Feste Celebrate in Firenze per la venuta della Maestà di Vittorio Emanuele II e sua permanenza dal 16 aprile 1860 al 4 del seguente maggio,’ 5.
50.
Lucy Riall, ‘Martyr Cults in Nineteenth-Century Italy’, The Journal of Modern History 82, no. 2 (2010), 255–287; Axel Körner, ‘Lokale und transnationale Dimensionen sakralisierter Politik. Nationale Bewegung und Zivilgesellschaft im liberalen Italien’, Historische Zeitschrift 300/3 (2015), 698–719.
51.
Alberto Mario Banti, ‘The Remembrance of Heroes,’ in Patriarca and Riall, eds., The Risorgimento Revisited, 152–170; Anderson, Imagined Communities, 7–9; Lucy Riall, Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation-State (Basingstoke, 2009), 117.
52.
Savoia: Numero Unico, (1900); ‘Casamicciola’, La Capitale, 2–3/08/1883. For more about King Umberto’s response to natural disasters, see Catherine Brice, ‘The King was Pale: Italy’s National-Popular Monarchy and the Construction of Disasters, 1882–1885,’ in John Dickie, John Foot, and Frank M. Snowden, Disastro!: Disasters in Italy since 1860 : Culture, Politics, Society (New York, 2002), 61–79.
53.
Osservatore Romano, 12/09/1884.
54.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXVII, N. 31, 5/08/1900, 86.
55.
Annibale Grasselli Barni, Vittorio Emanuele Terzo; profilo (Piacenza, 1922), 62; 68.
56.
Santini, La leggenda di Margherita di Savoia, 35.
57.
Al Padre della Patria: Numero Unico, (Milan, 1896), 2; Il Re Galantuomo: Biografia, Aneddoti, Episodi, Ecc. Numero Unico Illustrato, (Milan, 1878), 1.
58.
L’Opinione, 14/11/1869, 1.
59.
Axel Körner, ‘Heirs and their Wives: Setting the Scene for Umbertian Italy,’ in Mehrkens and Müller eds., Sons and Heirs, 38–52, 43.
60.
Brice, Monarchie et Identité Nationale, 337–339.
61.
Rachel Weil, Political Passions: Gender, the Family and Political Argument in England 1680–1714, (Manchester and New York, 1999), 166.
62.
Homans, Royal Representations, 2; Giloi, Monarchy, 18.
63.
Marina D’Amelia, ‘Between Two Eras: Challenges Facing Women in the Risorgimento,’ in Patriarca and Riall, eds., The Risorgimento Revisited, 115–133; 118.
64.
Sarah Stickney Ellis, The Women of England Their Social Duties, and Domestic Habits (London, 1839), 68.
65.
C. E. von Malortie, König Ernst August, (Hanover, 1861), 51 as quoted in Green, Fatherlands, 85.
66.
See contemporary pamphlets: Paul Bailleu, Königin Luise. Ein Lebensbild (Berlin, 1908); August Kluckhohn, Luise, Königin von Preussen (Berlin, 1876); Adelheid Weber, Königin Luise (Bielefeld, 1912) and Philipp Demandt, Luisenkult: die Unsterblichkeit der Königin von Preussen (Cologne, 2003), 79..
67.
Alison McQueen, Empress Eugénie and the Arts: Politics and Visual Culture in the Nineteenth Century (Farnham, 2011), 97.
68.
András Gero, Modern Hungarian Society in the Making: The Unfinished Experience (Central European University Press, 1995), 236; Alice Freifeld, ‘Empress Elisabeth as Hungarian Queen: The Uses of Celebrity Monarchism,’ in Laurence Cole and Daniel L. Unowsky, eds., The Limits of Loyalty: Imperial Symbolism, Popular Allegiances, and State Patriotism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy (New York, 2007), 138–161; 150.
69.
Brigitte Hamann, The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Frankfurt am Main, 2012), 126–142; Juliane Vogel, Elisabeth von Österreich: Momente aus dem Leben einer Kunstfigur (Vienna, 1992); 100–123; Marguerite Cunliffe-Owen, The Martyrdom of an Empress; (New York, 1899), 123; 127; Edward Morgan Alborough De Burgh, Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, a Memoir (London, 1899), 46–49; Clara Tschudi, Elizabeth, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, (London, 1901), 52.
70.
Stephen Gundle, Bellissima: Feminine Beauty and the Idea of Italy (New Haven, 2007), 38.
71.
Gabriella Romani, ‘Fashioning the Italian nation: Risorgimento and its costume all’italiana, Journal of Modern Italian Studies (2015), Vol.20, No. 1, 10–23, 12.
72.
Giosuè Carducci, Eterno femminino regale. (Rome, 1885).
73.
Fulford, Darling Child, 46; from the Crown Princess of Germany to Queen Victoria, 30/05/1872.
74.
Sylvia Schraut, ‘Sissi: Popular Representations of an Empress,’ in Sylvia Paletschek, ed., Popular Historiographies in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Cultural Meanings, Social Practices (Oxford, 2011), 151–171; 157.
75.
Freifeld, ‘Empress Elisabeth as Hungarian Queen’, 138–161; Tschudi, Elizabeth, 91–103.
76.
Richard Drake, Byzantium for Rome: The Politics of Nostalgia in Umbertian Italy, 1878–1900 (Chapel Hill, 1980), 19.
77.
V. de Napoli, L’Eterna Bellezza della Regina Margherita di Savoja, (Napoli, 1894), 54; 9.
78.
Brice, ‘Queen Margherita,’ 195–215.
79.
Isabel Burdiel, ‘The Queen, the Woman and the Middle Class. The Symbolic Failure of Isabel II of Spain’, Social History 29, no. 3 (1 August 2004): 301–319, 303.
80.
Kocka, ‘The European Pattern and the German Case,’ 3–39; Schama, ‘The Domestication of Majesty,’ 155–83
81.
Gundle, Bellissima, 38; Elena Vacarescu, Kings and Queens I Have Known (New York, 1904), 169.
82.
Santini, La leggenda di Margherita di Savoia, 25.
83.
Illustrazione Universale, Anno II, N.18, 7/02/1875, 178, A/4.2.
84.
Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica, Anno VIII, Vol. VIII (Milano, 1896), 242; 131.
85.
John Dickie, ‘Stereotypes of the Italian South, 1860–1900’, in Robert Lumley and Jonathan Morris, eds., The New History of the Italian South: The Mezzogiorno Revisited, (Exeter, 1997), 130–134; Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXIII, N.35, 30/08/1896, 131.
86.
Gundle, Bellissima, 37.
87.
Il Pungolo Parlamentare, Anno III, N.223, (Naples), 11–12/08/1896, 1.
88.
Bondioli Osio, La giovinezza di Vittorio Emanuele III, 616; Letter from Margherita to General Osio, 29/08/1896, A/4.3.
89.
Alexander Robertson, Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, (London, 1925), 72.
90.
Vickery, ‘Golden Age to Separate Spheres?’ 383–414.
91.
Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice (Stanford, 1990), 53, Meyer Forsting, The Education of the Modern King, the Constitutional King’, 115–116.
92.
di Tergolina, Omaggio, 4–5.
93.
See for example figures like Adelaide Cairoli (1806–1871) and Anita Garibaldi (1821–1849); Marina D’Amelio, ‘Between Two Eras,’ 115–133. D’Amelio analyses the differences between the ideal and the reality of key Risorgimento women, usually mothers of heroes, and how they managed to inject some agency into their domestic role.
94.
Santini, La leggenda di Margherita di Savoia, 22.
95.
Ricci, Memorie, 186.
96.
Ibid., 183.
97.
Bracalini, La Regina Margherita, 40.
98.
Ricci, Memorie, 185, A/4.4.
99.
Mazzonis, La Monarchia e il Risorgimento, 169.
100.
Mosse, The Image of Man, 79. These qualities were also outlined in the 1868 pamphlet on modern monarchy by De Meis, Il sovrano, 20.
101.
Illustrazione Universale, Anno II, N.18, 7/02/1875, 178.
102.
Francesco Galvani, Raccolta degli avvenimenti più importanti (Florence, 1878), 135; emphasis added, A/4.5.
103.
Antonietta Maria Bessone Aurelj, Margherita di Savoia, la regina di grazia, di bellezza, di bontà: novelle ed aneddoti per i piccoli italiani (Rome, 1934), 18.
104.
Fiorentino, La corte dei Savoia, 123.
105.
Roux, La prima regina d’Italia, 36. Her Latin lessons are outlined in Lipparini, ed., Lettere, 113–116.
106.
Brice, ‘Queen Margherita,’ 206.
107.
Casalegno, La regina Margherita, 52.
108.
ASM, Residenze Reali, Casa Reale, Cartella 7, Fasc. 10, A/4.6.
109.
Quoted in Brice, Monarchie et Identité en Italie, 338.
110.
Ibid., 256.
111.
Duggan, Francesco Crispi, 670–709.
112.
Edoardo Scarfoglio, ‘Le Nozze Coi Fichi Secchi,’ Il Mattino, 27/09/1896, A/4.7.
113.
Thomas Macaulay, The Works of Lord Macaulay, vol. 3 (London, 1871), 375, ‘The pure idea of constitutional royalty [is based on the notion that] the prince reigns and does not govern.’
114.
Silvio Bertoldi, Vittorio Emanuele III (Turin, 1978), 111.
115.
Francesco Rapazzini, ‘La forza dell’amore,’ in Vittoria De Buzzaccarini and Paola Mello, eds., Sì, è il re: le memorie private di un sovrano (Padua, 2013), 127–167; 127. See Francesco Perfetti, Parola di re: il diario segreto di Vittorio Emanuele, (Florence, 2006) for more regarding the existence of this diary, which was lost—or allegedly burned—after the Savoia monarchy was exiled from Italy in 1946.
116.
Bondioli Osio, La giovinezza di Vittorio Emanuele III, 616; Margherita to General Osio, 29/08/1896.
117.
Nozze Savoia-Petrovich, (Milan, 1896), 271, A/4.8.
118.
Scarfoglio, ‘Le Nozze coi fichi secchi.’
119.
Farini, Diario di fine secolo, I, 58; 31/01/1892.
120.
‘Cronaca Contemporanea,’ in La Civiltà cattolica, 16–31/10/1896, Vol.8, 478.
121.
Il Secolo, Anno XXXI, N.11041, 21–22/09/1896 in ACS, Real Casa, Serie Speciale, 92.
122.
Judith Williamson, Consuming Passions: The Dynamics of Popular Culture (London, 1986), 80.
123.
Margaret Homans and Adrienne Munich, eds., Remaking Queen Victoria, (Cambridge, 1997), 3.
124.
Riall, Garibaldi, 349; 4; Salvatore Morelli, I tre disegni di legge sulla emancipazione della donna, riforma della pubblica istruzione e circoscrizione legale del culto cattolico nella Chiesa di Salvatore Morelli deputato al Parlamento (Florence, 1867), 7.
125.
A. Basletta, il Re Buono: Bozzetti e Ricordi, (Rome, 1901), 11, A/4.9.
126.
Silvio Pellico, Opere di Silvio Pellico Dei doveri degli uomini discorso ad un giovane (Florence, 1834), 36, A/4.10.
127.
Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, 1612 in Banti, La Nazione Del Risorgimento, 5.
128.
Giuseppe Mazzini, Doveri dell’uomo: pensiero ed azione, Dio e popolo (Florence, 1860), 1.
129.
Ilaria Porciani, Famiglia e nazione nel lungo Ottocento italiano: modelli, strategie, reti di relazioni (Rome, 2006), 18.
130.
Paolo Ungari, Storia del diritto di famiglia, dalle costituzioni giacobine al Codice civile del 1942 (Bologna, 1974), 168, A/4.11.
131.
Giuseppe Pisanelli, Ministero di grazia e giustizia, Discorso pronunziato dal Ministro di grazia e giustizia nella tornata del 15 luglio 1863 (Rome, 1863), 3.
132.
Lodovico Francesco Ardy, Il carattere progressivo dei Principi Sabaudi ed il Regno di Umberto I, Conferenza tenuta alla Lega Monarchica di Genova il giorno 20 Novembre 1900, Genetliaco di S. M. la Regina Madre (Genoa, 1901), 85.
133.
Banti, La nazione del Risorgimento, 119–128; Giuseppe Goisis, ‘Cultura religiosa ed identità italiana. Alcune riflessioni,’ in Antonio Acerbi, ed., La Chiesa e l’Italia: Per una Storia dei loro Rapporti negli Ultimi Due Secoli, (Milano, 2003), 27–60, 56; Guido Verucci, ‘Le “due Italie.” Il giudizio sul cattolicesimo italiano nella cultura laica,’ in ibid., 153–194, 161, fn25.
134.
L. Boniforti, La Donna e la Famiglia: Pensieri, Moniti e Proverbi a tutela della domestic felicità, (Milan, 1889), 69; 72.
135.
Augusto Alfani, Il carattere degl’Italiani (Florence, 1878), 14.
136.
Boniforti, La Donna e la Famiglia, 72.
137.
Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London, 1987), 397–415; Plunkett, Queen Victoria, 133; 171; Homans, Royal Representations, 17–32.
138.
Bagehot, The English Constitution, 38; Burdiel, ‘The Queen, the Woman and the Middle Class,’ 303.
139.
Antonio Zaccaria, I due primi re dell’Italia unita (Bologna, 1903). Refers to Vittorio Emanuele as ‘padre della patria’ and Umberto I as ‘padre del popolo.’
140.
In Memoria di Umberto I, Re d’Italia: La Colonia Italiana a Londra, July 1901, 2.
141.
Fedele Lampertico, ‘Il Re Umberto’, Nuova Antologia, vol. 44, VII (Rome, 1893), 611–619.
142.
Kohlrausch, ‘The Workings of Royal Celebrity,’ 52–66.
143.
One such example was published just before the royal wedding in Il Gazzettino Rosa, 15/03/1868, n. 53,’ where the author described the ‘future groom’ leaving his mistress’s carriage discreetly.
144.
Farini, Diario di fine secolo, I, 51–52; 25/12/1891.
145.
Elena Muzzati Morozzo Della Rocca, La vita e il regno di Vittorio Emanuele III: narrati ai fanciulli: in occasione del XXV anniversario della assunzione al trono (Milan, 1925), 27.
146.
Robertson, Victor Emmanuel III, 135. He claims that Professor Morandi wrote this to him in a letter shortly before his death.
147.
Bondioli Osio, La giovinezza di Vittorio Emanuele III, 617; Letter from Vittorio Emanuele to Osio, 1/09/1896, A/4.12.
148.
Farini, Diario di fine secolo, I, 724; 6/07/1895.
149.
Les Temps, 14/10/1903, A/4.13.
150.
Paulucci, Alla corte di Re Umberto, 59, 13/10/1892; Farini, Diario di fine secolo, II, 1398, 23/12/1898.
151.
Romano Bracalini, Vittorio Emanuele III, (Milan, 1987); Michele Falzone del Barbarò, ed., Vittorio Emanuele III ed Elena di Savoia fotografi, (Milan, 1981), 9. Argenteri, Il re borghese, 18–20.
152.
Bondioli Osio, La giovinezza di Vittorio Emanuele III, 654; 28/03/1898; 656, 24/04/1898.
153.
Francis, ‘The Domestication of the Male?’, 639.
154.
Bertoldi, Vittorio Emanuele III, 131.
155.
Waddington, Italian Letters of a Diplomat’s Wife, 243.
156.
ACS, Casa Civile di S. M. il Re e Ministero della Real Casa, ‘Viaggi delle Loro Altezze Reali i Principi di Napoli,’ Serie Speciale, Busta 103.
157.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXV, N. 4, 23/01/1898
158.
Falzone del Barbarò, Vittorio Emanuele III ed Elena di Savoia fotografi, 120.
159.
Meriggi, ‘The Italian Borghesia,’ 423–438.
160.
Katharine Mitchell and Helena Sanson, eds., Women and Gender in Post-Unification Italy: Between Private and Public Spheres (Oxford, 2013), 14.
161.
Lucia Re, ‘Passion and Sexual Difference: The Risorgimento and the Gendering of Writing in Nineteenth-Century Italian Culture’, in Ascoli and Von Henneberg, Making and Remaking Italy, 155–200; 163.
162.
Schulte, The Body of the Queen, 1.
163.
Ispettore Generale Fava, ‘Istruzioni ai maestri delle scuole primarie sul modo di svolgere i programmi approvati con R. D. 15/09/1860.’
164.
Luisa Amalia Paladini, Manuale per le giovinette italiane, (Florence, 1864), 123, A/4.14.
165.
Elizabeth Langland, Nobody’s Angels: Middle-Class Women and Domestic Ideology in Victorian Culture (Ithaca, 1995), 61–68.
166.
Anthony S. Wohl, The Victorian Family: Structure and Stresses (London, 1978), 9–10.
167.
Boniforti, La Donna e la Famiglia, 3.
168.
Emilio di Natale, Alla Augusta Maestà di Margherita, regina d’Italia; inno. (Siracusa, 1881), 8.
169.
‘Introduction’, in Katharine Mitchell and Helena Sanson, eds., Women and Gender in Post-Unification Italy. Between Private and Public Spheres, (Bern, 2013), 1–13.
170.
They mainly did so through their novels, such as Serao’s ‘Silvia’, in Dal Vero, (Milano: 1879), and Neera’s L’Indomani (1889), both of which deal with the transformative power of pregnancy and motherhood.
171.
Homans, Royal Representations, 2.
172.
ASCF, ‘Incartamento Relativo al Torneo,’ 4975.
173.
Porciani, La Festa Della Nazione, 151.
174.
Morandi, Come fu educato Vittorio Emaniele III, 7; 42.
175.
Osio Scanzi, Il generale Osio, 17/12/1889, 475; Bondioli Osio, La giovinezza di Vittorio Emanuele III, passim.
176.
Boniforti, La Donna e la Famiglia, 4–5.
177.
Galvani, Raccolta, 132.
178.
S. Laura, president of committee who gifted a civic crown to Umberto and Margherita in Turin, ACS, Casa di Sua Maestà la Regina, fascicolo 667, 25/01/1884; in a sonnet written by professor Pasquale Contini, from Como, ACS, Ministero della Real Casa, Segreteria Reale, busta 6, fascicolo 743, (1878); in a letter from Bianca and Emilia Fabrizi De Biani to Margherita, ACS, Casa di Sua Maestà la Regina, fascicolo 710, 1882.
179.
ACS, Casa di Sua Maestà la Regina, fascicolo 508, 1889; Madernino De Gresti to Margherita.
180.
Cannadine, ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual,’ 102.
181.
Cannadine, ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual,’ 102.
182.
Les Temps, 14/10/1903.
183.
Les Temps, 14/10/1903.
184.
Brice, ‘Queen Margherita’, 210; Argenteri, Il re borghese, 46–47.
185.
Falzone del Barbarò, Vittorio Emanuele III, 10–11.
186.
Les Temps, 14/10/1903.
187.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXIII, N.42, 18/10/1896, 242.
188.
Meriggi, ‘The Italian Borghesia,’ 423–438; Pamela Pilbeam, ‘Bourgeois Society,’ in Stefan Berger, ed., A Companion to Ninteenth-Century Europe, (Oxford, 2006), 86–97.
189.
Gianni Oliva, Umberto II: l’ultimo re (Milan, 2000), 48; Luciano Regolo, Il re signore: tutto il racconto della vita di Umberto di Savoia (Milan, 1998), 28.
190.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXXI, N. 39, 25/09/1904, 242–243, A/4.15.
191.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXXI, N. 39, 25/09/1904, 242–243.
192.
Vacarescu, Kings and Queens I Have Known, 208.
193.
Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, 53.
194.
Galvani, Raccolta, 9, A/4.16.
195.
Ibid., 22–23.
196.
Maria Grever, ‘Staging Modern Monarchs. Royalty at the World Exhibitions of 1851 and 1867,’ in Deploige and Deneckere, eds., Mystifying the Monarch, 161–180; 162.
197.
Plunkett, Queen Victoria, 144.
198.
Ibid., 133.
199.
Francesco Perfetti, Parola di re, 151.
200.
AST, Sezioni Riunite, Busta 5653, letter from Giuseppe Garibaldi to Prince Umberto 03/05/1862.
201.
AST, Sezione Riunite, ‘Sussidi ed elargizioni accordati dal Principe,’ Busta 5655–5656.
202.
Giuseppe Toti, Primo Viaggio Officiale delle LL. MM. il Re e la Regina d’Italia dal 10 luglio al 24 novembre 1878. Lettere ad un Amico, (Florence, 1879), 15.
203.
ACS, Ufficio di Prefetto di Palazzo, 1871–1946, Cerimonie di Corte, Busta 36, 092.
204.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno V, N. 6, 10/02/1878, 91, A/4.17.
205.
Schama, ‘The Domestication of Majesty,’ 155–183.
206.
ACS, Real Casa, Casa di SAR il Principe di Napoli, Busta 1, Fascicolo 1406, A/4.18.
207.
Matilde Serao, Il Mattino, 21/09/1904, A/4.19.
208.
Corriere della Sera, 16/09/1904, 1, A/4.20.
209.
Illustrazione Italiana, Anno XXXI, N. 39, 25/09/1904, 242.
210.
Duggan, Francesco Crispi, 608–635; 670–709.
211.
Gabriele D’Annunzio, The Third Life of Italy, in ‘The North American Review’, 171, 528 (1900), 627–652, 648.
212.
With regard, to the methodological difficulties surrounding the understanding of royal impact and public perceptions of the crown see Büschel, Untertanenliebe for a more in depth analysis of the issue.
213.
AST, Sezione Riunite, Casa di Sua Maestà, Direzione Provinciale della Real Casa, Cartella Provvisoria 2911, A/4.21.

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Marchi, M.C. (2022). Gender and Family: Realms of Royalty. In: The Heirs to the Savoia Throne and the Construction of ‘Italianità’, 1860-1900. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84585-8_4

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