Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Turkish Case: Turkey’s Formation of Secular State Institutions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Public Preferences and Institutional Designs

  • 137 Accesses

Abstract

Golan-Nadir explores the second case study, the case of Turkey, which reveals an intriguing political phenomenon, namely, the ability of institutional designs to endure over time despite diverging preferences of the majority of the population. The Turkish Case—Turkey’s Formation of Secular State Institutions—begins with the examination of the Turkish institutional formation at state building (1923), while indicating that since statehood the Turkish marriage policy has been governed by a secular monopoly, which allowed civil marriage as the only statutory option. It shows it was initiated as part of the secular revolution at state building. Finally, the chapter demonstrates the legislative stagnation on marriage policy in the seven decades since Turkey established a democratic political system, as reflected through TBMM law-making and other parliamentary procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See in Mango (2011). Ataturk. Liverpool: Hachette UK.

  2. 2.

    This means making religious marriage legal, and grant couples who conduct such marriage equal rights to civilly married couples.

  3. 3.

    A verbal contract of partners in the presence of an Imam, in accordance with classic Islamic law (see in Örücü, 2016a, 2016b).

  4. 4.

    Quoted in Atatürk’ten Düşünceler by E. Z. Karal, 1981, p. 59.

  5. 5.

    A war of independence which was initiated and led by the Jacobin military elites, to be later joined by the peripheral elites and the mass public in Anatolia.

  6. 6.

    The military has staged several coups (1960, 1980, and two half coups; 1971, 1997) to implement what it referred to as the preserving the country’s secularism, unity and democratic system (Daği, 2012; Göle, 1997; Örücü, 2016a, 2016b; Özdalga, 2006; Toprak, 2006; Yavuz, 2003, 2009).

  7. 7.

    The Sheikh Sait Rebellion (Turkish: Şeyh Sait İsyanı) was a Kurdish rebellion aimed at reviving the Islamic caliphate. It used elements of Kurdish nationalism to recruit supporters. It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers also known as ‘Hamidiye’. The rebellion was carried out by two Kurdish sub-groups, the Zaza and the Kurmanj (Olson, 2005).

  8. 8.

    Although Turkey since Atatürk’s time has undergone both a major transition from a single-party regime to a democratic multiparty system and several episodes of military intervention in the political process, all the five institutions have survived intact and none of them has never been seriously questioned.

  9. 9.

    The religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

  10. 10.

    In the context of Sunni Islam, ulama are regarded as the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge, of Islamic doctrine and law.

  11. 11.

    Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı also Directorate of Religious Affairs, is an official state institution established in 1924 in article 136 of the Constitution of Turkey by the TBMM as a successor to the Shaykh al-Islam after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. As specified by law, the duties of the Diyanet are “to execute the works concerning the beliefs, worship, and ethics of Islam, enlighten the public about their religion, and administer the sacred worshiping places”. The Diyanet drafts a weekly sermon delivered at the nation’s 85,000 mosques and more than 2,000 mosques abroad that function under the directorate. It provides Quranic education for children and trains and employs all of Turkey’s Imams, who are technically considered civil servants.

  12. 12.

    The Welfare Party (Turkish: Refah Partisi, RP) was an Islamist political party in Turkey. It was founded by Ali Türkmen, Ahmet Tekdal, and Necmettin Erbakan in Ankara in 1983 as heir to two earlier parties, National Order Party (MNP) and National Salvation Party (MSP), which were banned from politics.

  13. 13.

    Interview with author’s assistant (in Turkish), 13 October 2016.

  14. 14.

    The 1926 Civil Code, law No. 743, available: http://www.oruchukuk.net/743sayiliturkkanunumedenisi.htm

  15. 15.

    Begins with article No. 82.

  16. 16.

    Interview with author’s assistant (in Turkish), 8 September 2015.

  17. 17.

    The Civil Servants’ Act No. 657 of 14 July 1965 i.e. "Law for State Officials" regulates Public Employment in Turkey. Basically, all employees working for the state are regulated within the law, including Imams and civil marriage clerks. According to Turkish notification to World Trade Organization (WTO), the law deals with service, appointment, promotion requirements and features of civil servants in addition to their rights and responsibilities while acting as a civil servant. See at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11090

  18. 18.

    The Central Civil Registration System (MERNIS). The proclamation of the Republic of Turkish in 1923 brought significant changes to the way civil registries are maintained. In 1928, following the acceptance of the Latin alphabet, Arabic letters and numbers were abandoned in the maintenance of the registries. In 1934, last names were granted to each family and individual, abolishing the practice of appellations. It was not until 1972, however, when the introduction of Law No 1543 and its successor Law No 1587 paved the way for the modernization of the civil registration system in Turkey. The amendments made to the abrogated Law No 1587 envisaged that "The Ministry of Interior shall be empowered to ensure the transfer of family registries to registries kept in electronic form and to facilitate carrying out civil registration acts using these registries, to provide measures ensuring the security and privacy of the registries kept in electronic form, to repel the civil registries kept in paper form, to determine the civil registration offices empowered with issuing, registration and safekeeping of reference documents, to decide on the use of electronic signature in all kinds of civil registration acts carried out in electronic form, and to meet the requests for information from the records kept centrally in electronic form by the public institutions and the work flow in the headquarters and the districts in the scope of the principles and procedures to be determined within the completeness of civil registration services.” See at General Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs (Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü) website:https://www.nvi.gov.tr/ministry-of-the-interior/the-central-civil-registration-system

  19. 19.

    Interview with author’s assistant (in Turkish), 12 May 2016.

  20. 20.

    Interview with author’s assistant (in Turkish), 6 May 2016.

  21. 21.

    The code failed to keep up with the times. Moreover, until the 1961 Constitution, there was no higher law demanding total equality between the sexes. Both the 1961 Constitution and the present 1982 Constitution contain articles which make gender equality a constitutional principle, but in Family Law most provisions of the Civil Code remained unchanged. A few provisions were amended by the legislator, for example: legitimate and illegitimate children gained equal status (1990); and the wife could retain her own surname (1997) (see in: Örücü, 2004).

  22. 22.

    Some choose to avoid the law and conduct only religious marriage, which is considered illegal by the Civil Code.

  23. 23.

    1926 Criminal Code (amen. 1936) Amended article: 11/06/1936 - 3038/1 md.

  24. 24.

    The Turkish Criminal Code was enacted in 1926, amended in 1999 and 2005, and consolidated in 2015.

    Regarding marriage policy: Article 230, Section 8: ‘Offences against Family Order: Polygamy, fraudulent marriage and religious marriage.’ The law passed by the TBMM on 26 September 2004, and published in the Official Gazette 25611 on 12 October 2004, entering into force on 1 June 2005. ARTICLE 230 (1) Anyone who, although already married, undergoes a marriage ceremony with someone else shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of from six months to two years. 2) Anyone who, although not married, undergoes a marriage ceremony with someone else in the knowledge that the person is already married, shall be sentenced in accordance with the above paragraph. 3) Anyone who undergoes a marriage ceremony while concealing their real identity shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of from three months to one year. 4) The limitation period in respect of the above offences shall become operative as from the date on which the annulment of the marriage becomes final. 5) Anyone who holds a religious marriage ceremony without a civil marriage shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of from two to six months. However, if a civil marriage is carried out, any public legal proceedings, sentences and other consequences thereof shall be cancelled. 6) Anyone who performs a religious marriage ceremony without seeking a document verifying that a marriage contract has been concluded in accordance with the law shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to six months. Available at: http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/6872/preview

  25. 25.

    In Turkish: Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi—TBMM.

  26. 26.

    Since the restrictive Civil Code was implemented coercively, very few efforts to alter it were evident. Thus, this research examined more kinds of parliamentary records in the Turkish case study. This is conducted in order to reveal more of the TBMM discourse on marriage policy.

  27. 27.

    Based on the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official archive: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tasari_teklif_sd.sorgu_baslangic

  28. 28.

    Includes 65 TBMM sessions.

  29. 29.

    Except the major modification in the Civil Code in 1982, which was a part of an officially organized process to prepare Turkey for entering the EU.

  30. 30.

    A new draft was completed by 1998, and it received approval through the various parts of the Turkish lawmaking mechanisms. It was referred to the TBMM by 57th Turkish government headed by Prime Minister, Bülent Ecevit, in 1999, and further referred by the TBMM to the Parliamentary Commission of Justice in 14 January 2000. The Commission finalized the draft of the new code in 21 June 2001, after one-year discussions. The General Assembly of the TBMM passed the new Civil Code in 22 November 2001, and it came into force on 1 January 2002. The 2002 Civil Code, Available at: http://www.tusev.org.tr/userfiles/image/turkey%20tr%20civil%20code%20provisions.pdf

  31. 31.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (19 February, 1980). See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MM__/d05/c014/mm__05014047.pdf

  32. 32.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (28 March 1995), pp. 337–338. See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d19/c082/tbmm19082091.pdf

  33. 33.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (26 March 1996). See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tasari_teklif_sd.onerge_bilgileri?kanunlar_sira_no=499

  34. 34.

    The Panel Code orders 6 months to 2 years imprisonment.

  35. 35.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (14 January 2013). See: https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/2/2-1171.pdf

  36. 36.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (12 February 2014). See: https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/2/2-2005.pdf

  37. 37.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (4 February 2014). See: https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/2/2-1996.pdf

  38. 38.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (16 January 2014). See:https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tasari_teklif_gd.onerge_bilgileri?kanunlar_sira_no=147910

  39. 39.

    Milliyet, 8 July 1984.

  40. 40.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (7 May 1985), p. 137. See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d17/c016/b095/tbmm170160950137.pdf

  41. 41.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (11 December 2004). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d22/7/7-1780c.pdf

  42. 42.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (6 December 2001), p. 443. See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d21/c078/tbmm21078032.pdf

  43. 43.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (23 May 2005). See: https://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d22/7/7-5133c.pdf

  44. 44.

    Office responsible for Youth and Sports.

  45. 45.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (6 April 2009). See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d23/c058/b044/tbmm230580440566.pdf

  46. 46.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (6 January 2010). See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/TBMM/d23/c058/b044/tbmm230580440568.pdf

  47. 47.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (10 October 2013). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-32670s.pdf

  48. 48.

    The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey is the official Deputy of the Head of Government of Turkey. Conventionally, all of the junior partners in a coalition get one deputy, and they are ranked according to the size of their respective parties.

  49. 49.

    Until it was repealed by Constitutional Court in 1996, adultery (it is considered adultery only if married couples are involved) was a criminal offense with the punishment of 3 months to 6 years.

  50. 50.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (1 November 2011). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-0173sgc.pdf

  51. 51.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (15 November 2012). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-3665sgc.pdf

  52. 52.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (1 April 2014). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-38021c.pdf

  53. 53.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (4 March 2014). See: http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-38338c.pdf

  54. 54.

    Retrieved from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey official Website (22 January 1989), pp. 148-149. See: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/tutanak/tbmm/d18/c030/b105/tbmm180301050149.pdf

References

  • Abadan-Unat, N. (1978). The modernization of Turkish women. Middle East Journal, 32(3), 291–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altunisik, M. B., & Tur, O. (2005). Turkey: Challenges of continuity and change. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arat, Y. (2010). Women’s rights and Islam in Turkish politics: The civil code amendment. Middle East Journal, 64(2), 235–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arslan, D. A. (2010). The evaluation of parliamentary democracy in Turkey and Turkish political elites. Historia Actual Online, 6, 131–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayan, P. (2010). Authoritarian party structures in Turkey: A comparison of the Republican People’s Party and the Justice and Development Party. Turkish Studies, 11(2), 197–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayata, S. (1996). Patronage, party, and state: The politicization of Islam in Turkey. The Middle East Journal, 50(1), 40–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardakoglu, A. (2004). ‘Moderate perception of Islam’ and the Turkish model of the Diyanet: The president’s statement. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 24(2), 367–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Başpınar, V. (2003). Türk medeni kanunu ile aile hukukunda yapılan değişiklikler ve bu konuda bazı önerilerimiz [Changes in Turkish civil code and family law and some suggestions on the issue]. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Dergisi, 52(3), 79–101. Retrieved from http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/38/281/2558.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayar, B. (1983). Turkey: Law on legitimacy. Law Library, Library of Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, N. (1998). The development of secularism in Turkey. C. Hurst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellin, E. (2004). The robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics, 36(2), 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozdağlioğlu, Y. (2008). Modernity, identity and Turkey’s foreign policy. Insight Turkey, 10(1), 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockett, G. D. (1998). Collective action and the Turkish revolution: Towards a framework for the social history of the Atatürk era, 1923–38. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(4), 44–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canca, İ. H. (2015, June 3). Sadece dini nikah kıydıranların oranı yüzde 3 [The proportion of those performing only religious marriage is 3 percent]. Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from http://www.aa.com.tr

  • Cohen Yanarocak, H. (2016). The Indoctrination and Socialization of Atatürkism in Turkish Education System and the School Textbooks 1980-2002. (Doctoral dissertation). Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daği, I. (2008). Turkey: Between democracy and militarism: Post Kemalist perspectives. Orion Kitabvi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daği, I. (2012). Why Turkey needs a post-Kemalist order. Insight Turkey, 14(1), 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, A. (1998). Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donmez, R. O. (2007). Nationalism in Turkey: Political violence and identity. Ethnopolitic, 6(1), 43–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdem, G. (2008). Religious Services in Turkey: From the Office of Şeyhülislām to the Diyanet. The Muslim World, 98(2-3), 199–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdemir, H. (2007). The Turkish political history. Manisa Ofset Basın Yayın Matbaacılık San. ve Tic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdoğan, M. (1999). Islam in Turkish politics: Turkey’s quest for democracy without Islam. Critique, 8(15), 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkel, A., & Sirman, N. (1990). Introduction. In A. Finkel & N. Sirman (Eds.), Turkish state, Turkish society (pp. 1–20). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellner, E. (1994). Kemalism. In E. Gellner (Ed.), Encounters with Nationalism (pp. 81–91). Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyikdaği, M. Y. (1984). Political parties in Turkey: The role of Islam. Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göle, N. (1997). Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The making of elites and counter-elites. Middle East Journal, 51(1), 46–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gözaydın, I. B. (2008). Diyanet and politics. The Muslim World, 98(2-3), 216–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Güneş-Ayata, A. (2002). The Republican People’s Party. Turkish Studies, 3(1), 102–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heper, M. (1985). The state tradition in Turkey. Eothen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heper, M. (2000). The Ottoman legacy and Turkish politics. Journal of International Affairs, 54, 63–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heper, M., & Güney, A. (1996). The military and democracy in the third Turkish Republic. Armed Forces & Society, 22(4), 619–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heper, M., & Keyman, E. F. (1998). Double-faced state: political patronage and the consolidation of democracy in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(4), 259–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heper, M., Rockman, B. A., & Kazancigil, A. (Eds.). (1998). Institutions and democratic statecraft. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamal, A. (2009). Democratizing state–religion relations: A comparative study of Turkey, Egypt and Israel. Democratization, 16(6), 1143–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, D., & Piccoli, W. (2001). Turkey at the crossroads: Ottoman legacies and a greater Middle East. London: Zed books. Kadın erkeğe tam eşitlik [Full gender equality]. (1985, January 5). Milliyet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karal, E. Z. (1981). The principles of Kemalism. In E. Özbudun & A. Kazancıgil (Eds.), Atatürk: Founder of a modern state. C. Hurst & Co..

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpat, K. H. (2015). Turkey’s politics: The transition to a multi-party system. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyman, F. (2007). Modernity, secularism and Islam: The case of Turkey. Theory, Culture and Society, 24(2), 215–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koçan, G., & Öncü, A. (2004). Citizen Alevi in Turkey: Beyond confirmation and denial. Journal of Historical Sociology, 17(4), 464–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köker, T. (2010). The establishment of Kemalist secularism in Turkey. Middle East Law and Governance, 2(1), 17–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koonings, K., & Kruijt, D. (Eds.). (2002). Political armies: The military and nation building in the age of democracy. Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuru, A. T. (2009). Secularism and state policies toward religion: The United States, France, and Turkey. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kuru, A. T. (2012). The rise and fall of military tutelage in Turkey: Fears of Islamism, Kurdism, and communism. Insight Turkey, 14(2), 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuru, A. T., & Stepan, A. (Eds.). (2012). Democracy, Islam, and secularism in Turkey. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G. (1955). Turkey. Ernest Benn Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mango, A. (2006). Religion and culture in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 42(6), 997–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mango, A. (2008). Atatürk. In R. Kasaba (Ed.), The Cambridge history of Turkey, vol. 4: Turkey in the modern world (pp. 147–174). Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mango, A. (2011). Ataturk. Hachette UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mardin, S. (1971). Ideology and religion in the Turkish revolution. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2(3), 197–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margulies, R., & Yildizo, E. (1988). The political uses of Islam in Turkey. Middle East Report, 153, 12–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müftüler Baç, M. (2005). Turkey’s political reforms and the impact of the European Union. South European Society and Politics, 10(1), 17-31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nereid, C. T. (2011). Kemalism on the Catwalk: The Turkish Hat Law of 1925. Journal of social history, 44(3), 707–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oguz, A. (2005). The role of comparative law in the development of Turkish civil law. Pace International Law Review, 17(2), 373–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E. A. (1985). Muslim identity and secularism in contemporary Turkey: "The headscarf dispute.". Anthropological Quarterly, 58(4), 161–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. (2005). The Sheikh Said rebellion. Journal of Kurdish Studies, 1(1), 77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Önis, Z. (2001). Political Islam at the crossroads: From hegemony to co-existence. Contemporary Politics, 7(4), 281–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Örücü, E. (2004). The enigma of comparative law: Variations on a theme for the twenty-first century. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Örücü, E. (2016a). The changing concept of "family" and challenges for family law in Turkey. In J. M. Scherpe (Ed.), European family law: The changing concept of "family" and challenges for domestic family law (Vol. 2, pp. 335–365). Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Örücü, E. (2016b). Turkey’s synthetic civilian tradition in a “covert” mix with Islam as tradition: A novel hybrid? In V. V. Palmer & M. Y. Mattar (Eds.), Mixed legal systems, east and west (pp. 185–202). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özdalga, E. (2006). The hidden Arab: A critical reading of the notion of "Turkish Islam.". Middle Eastern Studies, 42(4), 551–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozden, K., & Yilmaz, I. (2010). An attempt at pseudo-democracy and tactical liberalization in Turkey: An analysis of Ismet Inönü’s decision to transition to a multi-party-political system. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 3(2), 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öztürk, A. E. (2016). Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP rule: from protector to imposer of state ideology? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 619–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özyürek, E. (2006). Nostalgia for the modern: State secularism and everyday politics in Turkey. Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parla, T., & Davison, A. (2008). Secularism and laicism in Turkey. In J. R. Jakobsen & A. Pellegrini (Eds.), Secularisms (pp. 58–75). Duke University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, D., & Menski, W. (1998). Muslim family law. Sweet & Maxwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posusney, M. P. (2004). Enduring authoritarianism: Middle East lessons for comparative theory. Comparative Politics, 127–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A. (2013). The status of religion in emergent political regimes: Lessons from Turkey and Israel. Nations and Nationalism, 19(3), 493–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A. (2017). Turkish citizenship: the perils of hegemonic tendencies and the ‘shadow of securitization’. Citizenship Studies, 21(8), 872–888.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A. (2020). Bounded Integration: The Religion-state Relationship and Democratic Performance in Turkey and Israel. New York: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rustow, D. A. (1959). The army and the founding of the Turkish Republic. World Politics, 11(4), 513–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rustow, D. A. (1973). The Modernization of Turkey in historical and comparative perspective. In K. H. Karpat (Ed.), Social change and politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis (pp. 93–122). Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rustow, D. A. (1991). Political parties in Turkey: An overview. In J. M. Landau & M. Heper (Eds.), Political parties and democracy in Turkey (pp. 10–23). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarigil, Z. (2011). Civil-military relations beyond dichotomy: With special reference to Turkey. Turkish Studies, 12(2), 265–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satana, N. S. (2008). Transformation of the Turkish military and the path to democracy. Armed Forces & Society, 34(3), 357–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secor, A. J. (2007). Between longing and despair: State, space, and subjectivity in Turkey. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 25(1), 33–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. (2005). Between Allah and Atatürk: Liberal Islam in Turkey. The International Journal of Human Rights, 9(3), 307–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, J. (1989). The role of Turkish secular law in changing the lives of rural Muslim women, 1950-1970. Law and Society Review, 23(3), 497–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stepan, A. (2001). The world religious systems of democracy: Crafting the "twin tolerations.". In A. Stepan (Ed.), Arguing comparative politics (pp. 213–254). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taş, H. (2015). Turkey–from tutelary to delegative democracy. Third World Quarterly, 36(4), 776–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toprak, B. (2005). Secularism and Islam: The building of modern Turkey. Macalester International, 15(9), 27–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toprak, B. (2006). Islam and democracy in Turkey. In B. Rubin & A. Carkoglu (Eds.), Religion and politics in Turkey (pp. 25–44). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulutas, U. (2010). Religion and secularism in Turkey: The dilemma of the directorate of religious affairs. Middle Eastern Studies, 46(3), 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Üngör, U. Ü. (2012). The making of modern Turkey: Nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ünsal, A. (1979). Atatürk’s reforms: Realization of an utopia by a realist. Turkish Yearbook, 19, 27–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ustek-Spilda, F., & Alyanak, O. (2016). The case of children born out of wedlock in Turkey: An “empty” category? AG: About Gender, 5(10), 261–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanderLippe, J. M. (2005). The politics of Turkish democracy: Ismet Inonu and the formation of the multi-party system, 1938-1950. State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warhola, J. W., & Bezci, E. B. (2010). Religion and state in contemporary Turkey: Recent developments in Laiklik. Journal of Church and State, 52(3), 427–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz, M. H. (2003). Islamic political identity in Turkey. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavuz, M. H. (2009). Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yildirim, S. (2005). Aftermath of a revolution: A case study of Turkish family law.Pace. International Law Review, 17(2), 347–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, I. (2003). Non-recognition of post-modern Turkish socio-legal reality and the predicament of women. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 30(1), 25–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, I. (2014). Islamic family law in secular Turkish courts. In E. Giunchi (Ed.), Adjudicating family law in Muslim courts (pp. 148–161). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, I. (2016). Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: Dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey and Pakistan. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zürcher, E. J., & Turkey, A. (1993). A Modern History. IB Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Policy Research, The University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA

    Niva Golan-Nadir

Authors
  1. Niva Golan-Nadir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Niva Golan-Nadir .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Golan-Nadir, N. (2022). The Turkish Case: Turkey’s Formation of Secular State Institutions. In: Public Preferences and Institutional Designs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84554-4_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84554-4_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84553-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84554-4

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation