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Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Wastes Valorization: A Circular Economy Approach

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Mediterranean Fruits Bio-wastes

Abstract

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the leading fruit crop in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in West Asia and North Africa. In the Mediterranean basin and especially in Algeria (the fourth world date producer), this tree is one of the most important speculations, particularly at the socio-economic level, with a production of 30% of the total world palm trees. In addition to high nutritional and economic value, the date palm offers a wide range of by-products, varying from those used for artisanal constructions and biocomposites to animal feed, and recycled into organic soil amendments. The date fruit consumption gives a minor by-product: the date nuts with 11–18% of the total fruit weight, which is made up of carbohydrates, fiber, fat, ash, and proteins used for human and animal feeding. For hundreds of years, date palm nuts were used as food for the animal, especially camel and cow. This utilization is based on their lignocellulose composition dealing with a relatively high energetic value, biosynthesized by the ruminants’ digestive tract’s methanogen flora. With food processing development and the research/innovation of functional food, a new product, similar to coffee but free of caffeine, was designed made by processed then grounded date palm nuts, currently commercialized in Mediterranean countries. This represents another field of date palm waste (DPW) valorization in the food sector. Furthermore, the palm leaf is rich in lignocellulosic fibers, with relatively high equal rates of lignin (31%) and cellulose (30%). The maintenance of one palm date generates some 24 kg of waste yearly. Consequently, the DPW could be used as a source of energy and chemical product because of its high calorific value, remaining minerals issued from anoxic calcination, and valorized as biochar for poor agriculture soils. Moreover, this biowaste is recycled through the composting process after being formulated to lead to efficient compost, beneficial for agriculture. This soil amendment is achieved by co-composting the DPW with other wastes such as manure and animal excrements. This compost is mixed with a low rate of biochar in agriculture fields to improve soil fertility and increase plant yield. Such use and the soil spreading of fermented compost solution revealed an exceptional plant resistance against some phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum. These waste valorization processes by recycling, according to a circular economy approach, are an interesting sustainable development solution, ensuring the DPW exploitation and preventing their polluting effect. After presenting the date palm field’s economic values and its biological aspects, this chapter will develop the different compounds issued from the DPW considering their valorization in the food domain, focusing first on their use for human and animal food, then in agriculture. This application will be based on the DPW mineral part from pyrolysis giving the biochar, then as compost, a soil amendment, and finally for biological treatment of some specific date palm diseases.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Anaerobic digestion

DPW:

Date palm waste

MENA:

Middle East and North Africa

SOM:

Soil organic matter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, Preparatory Institute of Engineering Studies of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia

    Wadii Abid & Emna Ammar

  2. National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia

    Emna Ammar

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  1. Wadii Abid
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  2. Emna Ammar
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  1. Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

  2. Pharmacognosy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Mohamed A. Farag

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Abid, W., Ammar, E. (2022). Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Wastes Valorization: A Circular Economy Approach. In: Ramadan, M.F., Farag, M.A. (eds) Mediterranean Fruits Bio-wastes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84436-3_17

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