Abstract
The history of human civilization has witnessed a strong and rapid transformation pattern in the coastal environment. It harbors a prominent transition zone of land and sea that plays a significant part in the socioeconomic and environmental aspects. Due to tremendous pressure from anthropogenic perturbations manifested by coastal squeeze, it’s protection and conservation become substantial. 5.04% of the mangrove land has been converted to aquaculture land between 1988 and 2013. Present mangrove loss is 35% which is supposed to reach 60% by 2030. Human activities increase the chances of exposure of coastal waters to effluents (organic and inorganic) released from the industrial and urban components which accelerate the metals and nutrient pollution, eutrophication, and oxygen depletion. This tends to alter ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical processes with serious impacts on the biota. Pichavaram shows an increase in nitrate from 5.9 mg/l in 1995 to 29.9 mg/l in 2006–2007. In Sundarbans it increases from 1.14 mg/l in 2001 to 3.69 mg/l in 2006 and in Godavari from 0.61 mg/l in 2001 to 2.25 mg/l in 2016. The phosphate values increase from 0.28 mg/l in 1995 to 6.6 mg/l in 2006 in Pichavaram mangroves. Manori creek, Mumbai, shows hike in phosphate in past 25 years. The value increases from 0.06 mg/l in 1982 to 2.19 mg/l in 2007. A consistent increase in heavy metal content has been observed in Sundarban, Pichavaram, and Goa mangroves. Thus, the resultant surge of heavy metals and nutrient pollutants indicates growth of fallow land, agricultural, and aquaculture activities and industrial pollution. This chapter has been constructed to discuss a holistic view of the major drivers of coastal mangrove ecosystem degradation by reviewing the case studies to highlight the past changes and present trends of human activities through industrialization and urbanization. We evaluate the impact of these human influences on the mangrove ecosystem, with an approach to emphasize the crucial role of mangroves, both in terms of quality and quantity, and the absolute need to conserve their future.
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Abbreviations
- μM:
-
Micromolar
- ADB:
-
Asian Development Bank
- As:
-
Arsenic
- BOD:
-
Biochemical oxygen demand
- cal/g:
-
Calorie per gram
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- CRZ:
-
Coastal Regulation Zone
- Cu:
-
Copper
- DAP:
-
Diammonium phosphate
- DIP:
-
Dissolved inorganic phosphate
- DO:
-
Dissolved oxygen
- E:
-
East
- EDC:
-
Endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs)
- FAO:
-
Food and Agricultural Organization
- Fe:
-
Iron
- FSI:
-
Forest Survey of India
- GIS:
-
Geographic Information System
- ha:
-
Hectare
- JMM:
-
Joint Mangrove Management
- km2:
-
Square kilometer
- MAP:
-
Management Action Plan
- mg/kg:
-
Milligram per kilogram
- mg/l:
-
Milligram per liter
- MMR:
-
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- MSL:
-
Mean sea level
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- N:
-
North
- NACA:
-
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
- NGO:
-
Nongovernmental organization
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- NOAA:
-
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- Pb:
-
Lead
- POP:
-
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
- PPCP:
-
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- ppmv:
-
Parts per million by volume
- S:
-
South
- SEZ:
-
Special Economic Zone
- Si:
-
Silicon
- SPM:
-
Suspended particulate matter
- TSS:
-
Total suspended solid
- W:
-
West
- Zn:
-
Zinc
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Sharma, D., Rao, K., Ramanathan, A. (2022). A Systematic Review on the Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on Indian Coastal Mangrove Ecosystem. In: Madhav, S., Nazneen, S., Singh, P. (eds) Coastal Ecosystems. Coastal Research Library, vol 38. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84255-0_8
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