Skip to main content

Ultrasound of the Acromioclavicular Joint

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ultrasonography for the Upper Limb Surgeon

Abstract

The conditions of the acromioclavicular joint (AC) including traumatic and degenerative pathologies are some of the most common causes of a painful shoulder. However the involvement of this joint is underestimated, which is nicknamed for this reason “the forgotten articulation”.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zanca P. Shoulder bread: involvement of the acromioclavicular joint. (Analysis of 1,000 cases). Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971;112:493–506.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Renfree KJ, Wright TW. Anatomy and biomechanics of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:219–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Testut L, Latarjet A. Traité d’ anatomie humaine. 9. éd., rev.corr.et augm. /. Paris: Doin, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Saccomanno MF, De Ieso C, Milano G. Acromioclavicular joint unability: anatomy, biomechanics and evaluation. Joints. 2014;2:87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bucholz RW. Chapter 29: acromioclavicular joint injuries. In: Fractures in adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 1210–44.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bosworth BM. Complete acromioclavicular dislocation. N Engl J Med. 1949;241:221–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Petersson CJ, Redlund-Johnell I. Radiographic joint space in normal acromioclavicular joints. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54:431–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Salter EG, Nasca RJ, Shelley BS. Anatomical observations on the acromioclavicular joint and supporting ligaments. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:199–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Depalma AF. Surgical anatomy of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Surg Clin North Am. 1963;43:1541–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Petersson CJ. Degeneration of the acromioclavicular joint. A morphological study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54:434–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Testut. Traité d’anatomie humaine. 4th ed., revised, corrected and augmented. Paris: O. Doin; 1899.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Buttaci CJ, Stitik TP, Yonclas PP, et al. Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint: a review of anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:791–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Nakazawa M, Nimura A, Mochizuki T, et al. The orientation and variation of the acromioclavicular ligament: an anatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:2690–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fukuda K, Craig EV, An KN, et al. Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:434–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Renfree KJ, Riley MK, Wheeler D, et al. Ligamentous anatomy of the distal clavicle. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:355–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stine IA, Vangsness CT. Analysis of the capsule and ligament insertions about the acromioclavicular joint: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy. 2009;25:968–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rios CG, Arciero RA, Mazzocca AD. Anatomy of the clavicle and coracoid process for reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:811–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Harris RI, Vu DH, Sonnabend DH, et al. Anatomic variance of the coracoclavicular ligaments. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:585–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Xue C, Song L-J, Li X, et al. Coracoclavicular anatomical ligaments reconstruction: a feasibility study. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg MRCAS. 2015;11:181–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Takase K. The coracoclavicular ligaments: an anatomic study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32:683–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rios CG, Mazzocca AD. Acromioclavicular joint problems in athletes and new methods of management. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:763–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jerosch J. Das Akromioklavikulargelenk Orthop. 2000;29:895–908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rockwood CA, Williams GR, Young DC. Disorders of the acromioclavicular joint. In: The shoulder. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998. p. 483–553.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kennedy JC, Cameron H. Complete dislocation of the acromio-clavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1954;36-B:202–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Klonz A, Loitz D. The acromioclavicular joint. Unfallsurg. 2005;108:1049–58, quiz 1059.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Worcester JN, Green DP. Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. Clin Orthop. 1968;58:69–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ludewig PM, Phadke V, Braman JP, et al. Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:378–89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Debski RE, Parsons IM, Woo SL, et al. Effect of capsular injury on acromioclavicular joint mechanics. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:1344–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sahara W, Sugamoto K, Murai M, et al. Three-dimensional clavicular and acromioclavicular rotations during arm abduction using vertically open MRI. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:1243–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sahara W, Sugamoto K, Murai M, et al. 3D kinematic analysis of the acromioclavicular joint during arm abduction using vertically open MRI. J Orthop Res. 2006;24:1823–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Seo Y-J, Yoo Y-S, Noh K-C, et al. Dynamic function of coracoclavicular ligament at different shoulder abduction angles: a study using a 3-dimensional finite element model. Arthroscopy. 2012;28:778–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dawson PA, Adamson GJ, Pink MM, et al. Relative contribution of acromioclavicular joint capsule and coracoclavicular ligaments to acromioclavicular stability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009;18:237–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Debski RE, Parsons IM, Fenwick J, et al. Ligament mechanics during three degree-of-freedom motion at the acromioclavicular joint. Ann Biomed Eng. 2000;28:612–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yoo YS, Tsai AG, Ranawat AS, et al. A biomechanical analysis of the native coracoclavicular ligaments and their influence on a new reconstruction using a coracoid tunnel and free tendon graft. Arthroscopy. 2010;26:1153–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Urist MR. Complete dislocations of the acromiclavicular joint; the nature of the traumatic lesion and effective methods of treatment with an analysis of forty-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1946;28:813–37.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Brasseur JL. Ultrasound of the shoulder. Medical and surgical encyclopedia. Musculoskeletal system. 2017;8:30-360-A20.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Poncelet E, Demondion X, Lapègue F, et al. Anatomic and biometric study of the acromioclavicular joint by ultrasound. Surg Radiol Anat. 2003;25:439–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Peetrons P, Bédard JP. Acromioclavicular joint injury: enhanced technique of examination with dynamic maneuver. J Clin Ultrasound. 2007;35:262–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Heers G, Hedtmann A. Ultrasound diagnosis of the acromioclavicular joint. Orthopade. 2002;31:255–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Alasaarela E, Tervonen O, Takalo R, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of the acromioclavicular joint. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1959–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Barth J, Boutsiadis A, Narbona P, et al. The anterior borders of the clavicle and the acromion are not: always aligned in the intact acromioclavicular joint: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26:1121–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schweitzer ME, Magbalon MJ, Frieman BG, et al. Acromioclavicular joint fluid: determination of clinical significance with MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;192:205–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Faruch Bilfeld M, Lapègue F, Chiavassa Gandois H, et al. Ultrasound of the coracoclavicular ligaments in the acute phase of an acromioclavicular disjunction: comparison of radiographic, ultrasound and MRI findings. Eur Radiol. 2017;27:483–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Heers G, Hedtmann A. Correlation of ultrasonographic findings to Tossy’s and Rockwood’s classification of acromioclavicular joint injuries. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005;31:725–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sluming VA, Scutt ND. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of postural disorders related to low back pain. Sports Med. 1994;18:281–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Park G-Y, Park JH, Bae JH. Structural changes in the acromioclavicular joint measured by ultrasonography during provocative tests. Clin Anat N Y. 2009;22:580–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Blankstein A, Ganel A, Givon U, et al. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic modality in acromioclavicular joint pathologies. Isreal Med Assoc J. 2005;7:28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Alyas F, Curtis M, Speed C, et al. MR imaging appearances of acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Radiographics. 2008;28:463–79; quiz 619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Antonio GE, Cho JH, Chung CB, et al. Pictorial essay. MR imaging appearance and classification of acromioclavicular joint injury. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1103–10.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Heers G, Götz J, Schachner H, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of the acromioclavicular joint. A comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2005;19:177–81.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Heers G, Götz J, Schubert T, et al. MR imaging of the intraarticular disk of the acromioclavicular joint: a comparison with anatomical, histological and in-vivo findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:23–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Edelson G, Saffuri H, Obid E, et al. Successful injection of the acromioclavicular joint with use of ultrasound: anatomy, technique, and follow-up. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23:e243–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Borbas P, Kraus T, Clement H, et al. The influence of ultrasound guidance in the rate of success of acromioclavicular joint injection: an experimental study on human cadavers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21:1694–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Peck E, Lai JK, Pawlina W, et al. Accuracy of ultrasound-guided versus palpation-guided acromioclavicular joint injections: a cadaveric study. PM R. 2010;2:817–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sabeti-Aschraf M, Lemmerhofer B, Lang S, et al. Ultrasound guidance improves the accuracy of the acromioclavicular joint infiltration: a prospective randomized study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19:292–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pallis M, Cameron KL, Svoboda SJ, et al. Epidemiology of acromioclavicular joint injury in young athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:2072–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bontempo NA, Mazzocca AD. Biomechanics and treatment of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:361–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Quigley TB. Injuries to the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints sustained in athletics. Surg Clin North Am. 1963;43:1551–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Copeland S, Kessel L. Disruption of the acromioclavicular joint: surgical anatomy and biological reconstruction. Injury. 1980;11:208–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tossy JD, Mead NC, Sigmond HM. Acromioclavicular separations: useful and practical classification for treatment. Clin Orthop. 1963;28:111–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Barnes CJ, Higgins LD, Major NM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the coracoclavicular ligaments: its role in defining pathoanatomy at the acromioclavicular joint. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2004;13:69–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nemec U, Oberleitner G, Nemec SF, et al. MRI versus radiography of acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:968–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Schaefer FK, Schaefer PJ, Brossmann J, et al. Experimental and clinical evaluation of acromioclavicular joint structures with new scan orientations in MRI. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1488–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rockwood CA. Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint. In: Rockwood and Green’s fractures in adults. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott; 1984. p. 860–910.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rockwood CA, Madsen F. Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint. In: disorders of the shoulder. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Schneider MM, Balke M, Koenen P, et al. Inter and intraobserver reliability of the Rockwood classification in acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:2192–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kim AC, Matcuk G, Patel D, et al. Acromioclavicular joint injuries and reconstructions: a review of expected imaging findings and potential complications. Emerg Radiol. 2012;19:399–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mazzocca AD, Arciero RA, Bicos J. Evaluation and treatment of acromioclavicular joint injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:316–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gastaud O, Raynier JL, Duparc F, et al. Reliability of radiographic measurements for acromioclavicular joint separations. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101:S291–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cho C-H, Hwang I, Seo J-S, et al. Reliability of the classification and treatment of dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23:665–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kraeutler MJ, Williams GR, Cohen SB, et al. Inter-and intraobserver reliability of the radiographic diagnosis and treatment of acromioclavicular joint separations. Orthopedics. 2012;35:e1483–7.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pifer M, Ashfaq K, Maerz T, et al. Intra and interdisciplinary agreement in the rating of acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41:25–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Grignon B. Imagerie normale de la ceinture scapulaire, du sternum et des cÔtes. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale. Appareil locomoteur. 2013;8:30-370-A10.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Vaisman A, Villalón Montenegro IE, Tuca De Diego MJ, et al. A novel radiographic index for the diagnosis of posterior acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:112–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rahm S, Wieser K, Spross C, et al. Standard axillary radiographs of the shoulder may mimic posterior subluxation of the lateral end of the clavicle. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27:622–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bossart PJ, Joyce SM, Manaster BJ, et al. Lack of efficacy of ‘weighted’ radiographs in diagnosing acute acromioclavicular separation. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:20–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wellmann M, da Silva G, Lichtenberg S, et al. Instability pattern of acromioclavicular joint dislocations type Rockwood III: relevance of horizontal instability. Orthopade. 2013;42:271–7.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Tauber M, Koller H, Hitzl W, et al. Dynamic radiologic evaluation of horizontal instability in acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:1188–95.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Alexander OM. Dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. Radiography. 1949;15:260, illust.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Waldrop JI, Norwood LA, Alvarez RG. Lateral roentgenographic projections of the acromioclavicular joint. Am J Sports Med. 1981;9:337–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zumstein MA, Schiessl P, Ambuehl B, et al. New quantitative radiographic parameters for vertical and horizontal instability in acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(1):125–35.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hann C, Kraus N, Minkus M, et al. Combined arthroscopically assisted coraco and acromioclavicular stabilization of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(1):212–20.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Maier D, Jaeger M, Reising K, et al. Injury patterns of the acromioclavicular ligament complex in acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations: a cross-sectional, fundamental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:385.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Mazzocca AD, Spang JT, Rodriguez RR, et al. Biomechanical and radiographic analysis of partial coracoclavicular ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1397–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Peetrons P, Creteur V, Bacq C. Sonography of ankle ligaments. J Clin Ultrasound. 2004;32:491–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Beitzel K, Mazzocca AD, Bak K, et al. ISAKOS upper extremity committee consensus statement on the need for diversification of the Rockwood classification for acromioclavicular joint injuries. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:271–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Beitzel K, Cote MP, Apostolakos J, et al. Current concepts in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Arthroscopy. 2013;29:387–97.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Favard L, Berhouet J, Bacle G. Traumatisme de la ceinture scapulaire. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale. Appareil locomoteur. 2009;8:14-035-A10.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Melenevsky Y, Yablon CM, Ramappa A, et al. Clavicle and acromioclavicular joint injuries: a review of imaging, treatment, and complications. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40:831–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Neer CS. Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle. Clin Orthop. 1968;58:43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bouillet B, Moreel P, Descamps S. Prise en charge des fractures récentes de la clavicule. J Traumatol Sport; 26:24–31.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Stein BE, Wiater JM, Pfaff HC, et al. Detection of acromioclavicular joint pathology in asymptomatic shoulders with magnetic resonance imaging. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:204–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Edelson JG. Patterns of degenerative change in the joint acromioclavicular. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:242–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gordon BH, Chew FS. Isolated acromioclavicular joint pathology in the symptomatic shoulder on magnetic resonance imaging: a pictorial essay. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28:215–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Choo HJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, et al. Can symptomatic acromioclavicular joints be differentiated from asymptomatic acromioclavicular joints on 3-T MR imaging? Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:e184–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Strobel K, Pfirrmann CWA, Zanetti M, et al. MRI features of the acromioclavicular joint that predict pain relief from intraarticular injection. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:755–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Shubin Stein BE, Ahmad CS, Pfaff CH, et al. A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings of the acromioclavicular joint in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:56–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mcdonald S, Hopper MA. Acromioclavicular joint disease. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2015;19:300–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Chang Chien GC, Best CS, Clay BS, et al. Ultrasonography leads to accurate diagnosis and management of painful acromioclavicular joint cyst. Pain Pract. 2015;15:E72–5.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hiller AD, Miller JD, Zeller JL. Acromioclavicular joint cyst formation. Clin Anat N Y. 2010;23:145–52.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Cooper HJ, Milillo R, Klein DA, et al. The MRI geyser sign: acromioclavicular joint cysts in the setting of a chronic rotator cuff tear. Am J Orthop. 2011;40:E118–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Yu YS, Dardani M, Fischer RA. MR observations of posttraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle after traumatic separation of the acromioclavicular joint. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24:159–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Nourissat G, Parier J, Radier C. Pathologie chronique acromio-claviculaire. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale. Appareil locomoteur. 2013: 8: 14-436-A10.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Rovesta C, Marongiu MC, Corradini A, et al. Os acromiale: frequency and a review of 726 shoulder MRI. Musculoskelet Surg. 2017;101(3):201–5.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Park JG, Lee JK, Phelps CT. Os acromiale associated with rotator cuff impingement: MR imaging of the shoulder. Radiology. 1994;193:255–7.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Gumina S, De Santis P, Salvatore M, et al. Relationship between os acromiale and acromioclavicular joint anatomic position. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Boehm TD, Kenn W, Matzer M, et al. Ultrasonographic appearance of os acromiale. Ultraschall Med. 2003;24:180–3.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guillaume Mercy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mercy, G. (2022). Ultrasound of the Acromioclavicular Joint. In: Apard, T., Brasseur, J.L. (eds) Ultrasonography for the Upper Limb Surgeon. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84234-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84234-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84233-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84234-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics