Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the functioning of families composed of couples of gay and lesbian people in a constantly changing social scenario may assist in the development of interventions in clinical and school contexts. It is in response to this need that this chapter aimed to analyze the possible associations between coparenting, parenting, affectivity, and conflict in gay and lesbian parents, here called homoparental families. To this end, a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational study was carried out with 42 Brazilians, 11 of whom were gay and 31 of whom were lesbians. These participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Parenting Practices Scales, The Coparenting Inventory for Parents and Adolescents (CI-PA), and the Familiogram Test. The results pointed to high levels of coparental cooperation and low levels of conflict and coparental triangulation, high levels of affectivity, and low levels of conflict and prevalence of positive parental educational practices in gay and lesbian parents, indicating good levels of family functionality. It is hoped that the evidence can help professionals from different fields, including both clinical and school settings, to develop effective interventions that really meet the needs of these families.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Almeida, M. R. (2012). Os processos subjetivos no acolhimento e na adoção de crianças por casal homoafetivo: um estudo de caso. [The subjective processes in foster care and adoption of children by homoparental couple: a case study]. PhD Thesis (Universidade de São Paulo).
Alvarenga, P., & Piccinini, C. (2001). Práticas educativas maternas e problemas de comportamento em pré-escolares. [Maternal educational practices and behavior problems in preschoolers]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 14(3), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722001000300002.
Araldi, M. O., & Serralta, F. B. (2016). Parentalidade em casais homossexuais: Uma revisão sistemática. [Parenting in homosexual couples: A systematic review]. Psicologia em Pesquisa, 10(2), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.24879/201600100020057.
Augustin, D., & Frizzo, G. (2016). A coparentalidade ao longo do desenvolvimento dos filhos: Estabilidade e mudança no 1° e 6° ano de vida. [Coparenting throughout children's development: Stability and change in the 1st and 6th year of life]. Interação em Psicologia. Interação e Psicologia, 19(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v19i1.29239.
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887–907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611.
Bergman, K., Rubio, R. J., Green, R. J., & Padrón, E. (2010). Gay men who become fathers via surrogacy: The transition to parenthood. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(2), 111–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504281003704942.
Bernal, A. C. L. (2012). Funcionamiento familiar, conflictos con los padres y satisfacción con la Vida de familia en adolescentes bachilleres. [Family functioning, conflicto with parents, and satisfaction with family life in bachelors adolescents]. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 15(1), 77–85.
Bolsoni-Silva, A. T., Paiva, M. M. D., & Barbosa, C. G. (2009). Problemas de comportamento de crianças/adolescentes e dificuldades de pais/cuidadores: um estudo de caracterização. [Child/adolescent behavior problems and parent/caregiver difficulties: a characterization study]. Psicologia Clínica, 21(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-56652009000100012.
Bornstein, M. H. (2002). Parenting infants. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (pp. 3–43). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bos, H. M., Van Balen, F., & Van den Boom, D. C. (2004). Experience of parenthood, couple relationship, social support, and child-rearing goals in planned lesbian mother families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00269.x.
Brasil. Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente – ECA. (2019). [Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute] Lei n° 8.069, de 13 de julho de 1990. https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/crianca-e-adolescente/estatuto-da-crianca-e-do-adolescente-versao-2019.pdf/view
Buehler, C., & Welsh, D. P. (2009). A process model of adolescents’ triangulation into Parents’ marital conflict: The role of emotional reactivity. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014976.
Cecílio, M. S., Scorsolini-Comin, F., & Santos, M. A. (2013). Produção científica sobre adoção por casais homossexuais no contexto brasileiro. [Scientific production on adoption by homosexual couples in the Brazilian context]. Estudos de Psicologia, 18(3), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-294x2013000300011.
Cerutti, F., Ramos, S. P., & Argimon, I. I. L. (2015). A implicação das atitudes parentais no uso de drogas na adolescência. [The implication of parental attitudes on adolescent drug use]. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 18(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2015.18.2.15.
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218–232.
Costa, C. B., Machado, M. R., Schneider, M. C., & Mosmann, C. P. (2017). Subsistema coparental: Revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos. [Coparental Subsystem: Systematic Review of Empirical Studies]. Psico, 48(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2017.4.25386.
Durbin, D. L., Darling, N., Steinberg, L., & Brown, B. B. (1993). Parenting style and peer group membership among European-American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0301_5.
Euzébio, L. D. C. (2021). As relações entre coparentalidade e regulação emocional: contribuições para o desenvolvimento emocional da adolescência. [The relationships between coparenting and emotional regulation: contributions to adolescent emotional development]. Masters thesis (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos).
Farr, R. H., & Patterson, C. J. (2013). Coparenting among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples: Associations with adopted children’s outcomes. Child Development, 84(4), 1226–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12046.
Farr, R., Forssell, S., & Patterson, C. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive families: Does parental sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science, 14(3), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2010.500958.
Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3(2), 95–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0302_01.
Frizzo, G. B., Kreutz, C. M., Schmidt, C., Piccinini, C. A., & Bosa, C. (2005). O conceito de coparentalidade e suas implicações Para a pesquisa e Para a clínica: Implication for research and clinical practice. [The concept of coparenting and its implication for research and clinical practice]. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 15(3), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.19774.
Fulcher, M., Sutfin, E. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). Individual differences in gender development: Associations with parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles, 58(1), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9348-4.
Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., & Golding, J. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.20.
Gomes, G. A. G., Costa, C. B., Machado, P. F., & Podolano, A. A. (2017). Homoparentalidade: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. [Homoparenting: An integrative review of the literature] In L. P. Ribeiro (Coord.). Família(s) e afetividade(s): representações, discursos e problemáticas contemporâneas da homoparentalidade, pp. 3–26. Gramma.
Goulart, V. R., Wagner, A., Barbosa, P. V., & Mosmann, C. P. (2015). Repercussões do conflito conjugal para o ajustamento de crianças e adolescentes: um estudo teórico. [Repercussions of marital conflict for the adjustment of children and adolescents: A theoretical study]. Interação Psicologia, 19(1), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v19i1.35713.
Grzybowski, L. S., & Wagner, A. (2010). O envolvimento parental após a separação/divórcio. [Parental involvement after separation/divorce]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(2), 289298. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722010000200011.
Hameister, B. D. R., Barbosa, P. V., & Wagner, A. (2015). Conjugalidade e parentalidade: Uma revisão sistemática do efeito spillover. [Conjugality and parenting: A systematic review of the spillover effect]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 67(2), 140–155.
Hull, K. E., & Timothy, A. (2019). Conventional and cutting-edge: Definitions of family in LGBT communities. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0324-2.
Koch, C., Schaefer, J. R., Schneider, M. C., & Mosmann, C. P. (2020). Coparentalidade e Conflito Pais-Filhos em Adolescentes Envolvidos em Práticas Restaurativas. [Coparenting and parent-child conflict in adolescents engaged in restorative practices]. Psico-USF, 25(2), 343–355.
Kurrien, R., & Vo, E. D. (2004). Who's in charge? Coparenting in South and Southeast Asian families. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jade.0000035628.42529.e5.
Kusiak, G. S., Mello, L. T. N., & Andretta, I. (2019). Empatia e práticas parentais: A importância dos pais se colocarem no lugar dos filhos. [Empathy and parenting practices: The importance of parents putting themselves in their children's place]. Aletheia, 52(2), 8–20.
Lamela, D., & Figueiredo, B. (2016). Coparenting after marital dissolution and children's mental health: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 92(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.05.010.
Lamela, D., Nunes-Costa, R., & Figueiredo, B. (2010). Modelos teóricos das relações coparentais: revisão crítica. [Theoretical models of coparental relationships: a critical review]. Psicologia em Estudo, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-73722010000100022.
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., & Bastos, A. (2013). Perfis de vinculação, coparentalidade e ajustamento familiar em pais recém-divorciados: diferenças no ajustamento psicológico. [Attachment profiles, coparenting, and family adjustment in newly divorced parents: differences in psychological adjustment]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722013000100003.
Leão, L. C. A., Ferreira, V. R. T., & Cenci, C. M. B. (2014). Avaliação clínica de relações familiares com a utilização da entrevista familiar estruturada (EFE): estudo de caso. [Clinical assessment of family relationships using the structured family interview sclae: A case study]. Mudanças-Psicologia da Saúde, 22(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15603/2176-1019/mud.v22n1p1-7.
Lira, A. N. de, Morais, N. A. de, & Boris, G. D. J. B. (2016). Concepções e modos de viver em família: A perspectiva de mulheres lésbicas que têm filhos. [Perspectives of lesbian women with children on family]. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 32(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e324213.
Lomando, E., & Fonseca, K. (2019). Parentalidade e Adoção: um estudo comparativo de orientação sexual e práticas parentais. [Parenting and Adoption: a comparative study of sexual orientation and parenting practices]. Revista Brasileira de Sexualidade Humana, 30(2), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.35919/rbsh.v30i2.294.
Lomando, E., Wagner, A., & Gonçalves, J. (2011). Coesão, adaptabilidade e rede social no relacionamento conjugal homossexual. [Cohesion, adaptability, and social network in the homosexual marital relationship]. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 13(3), 95–109. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S151636872011000300008.
MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2004). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: A follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8), 1407–1419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00324.x.
Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington, P. H. Mussen (Orgs.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). Wiley.
Machado, M. R., & Mosmann, C. P. (2020). Coparental conflict and triangulation, emotion regulation, and externalizing problems in adolescents: Direct and indirect relationships. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 30, e3004. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3004.
Machin, R. (2016). Homoparentalidade e adoção: (re)afirmando seu lugar como família. [Homoparenting and adoption: (re)asserting their place as family]. Psicologia & Sociedade, 28(2), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-03102016v28n2p350.
Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B., & John, R. S. (2001). Coparenting: A link between marital conflict and parenting in two-parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.3.
Marin, A. H., Piccinini, C. A., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2011). Estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas ao longo dos anos pré-escolares da criança. [Stability and change in maternal and paternal educational practices throughout the child’s preschool years]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 24(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v19i1.29239.
McHale, J. P., Kuersten-Hogan, R., & Rao, N. (2004). Growing points for coparenting theory and research. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jade.0000035629.29960.ed.
Merçon-Vargas, E. A., Bussinger, R. V., & Rosa, E. M. (2020). Parentalidade adotiva: Um estudo de Caso longitudinal com famílias homoafetivas e heteroafetivas. [adoptive parenting: A longitudinal case study with homo-affective and hetero-affective families]. Salud & Sociedad - Latin American Journal on Health & Social Psychology, 11, e3833. https://doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-7475-2020-0002.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56(2), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129720.
Mondin, E. M. C. (2008). Práticas educativas parentais e seus efeitos na criação dos filhos. [Parental educational practices and their effects on child rearing]. Psicologia Argumento, 26(54), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.7213/rpa.v26i54.19885.
Mosmann, C., Wagner, A., & Sarierra, J. (2008). A qualidade conjugal como preditora dos estilos educativos parentais: o perfil discriminante de casais com filhos adolescentes. [Marital quality as a predictor of parenting styles: The discriminant profile of couples with adolescent children]. Psicologia, 22(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v22i2.352.
Mosmann, C. P., Costa, C. B., Einsfeld, P., Silva, A. G. M., & Koch, C. (2017). Conjugalidade, parentalidade e coparentalidade: associações com sintomas externalizantes e internalizantes em crianças e adolescentes. [Conjugality, parenting, and coparenting: associations with externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents]. Estudos de Psicologia, 34(4), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752017000400005.
Mosmann, C., Costa, C. B. D., Silva, A. G. M. D., & Luz, S. K. (2018a). Filhos com sintomas psicológicos clínicos: papel discriminante da conjugalidade, coparentalidade e parentalidade. [Children with clinical psychological symptoms: discriminating role of conjugality, coparenting, and parenting]. Temas em Psicologia, 26(1), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.9788/tp2018.1-17pt.
Mosmann, C. P., Machado, M. R., Costa, C. B. D., Gross, P. R. D. C., & Abs, D. (2018b). Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do the coparenting inventory for parents and adolescents (CI-PA). [Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the coparenting inventory for parents and adolescents (CI-PA)]. Avaliação Psicológica, 17(3), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.15689/ap.2018.1703.14281.13.
Murphy, D. A. (2013). The desire for parenthood: Gay men choosing to become parents through surrogacy. Journal of Family Issues, 34(8), 1104–1124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x13484272.
Musitu, G., & Cava, M. J. (2001). La familia y la educación. [Family and education] Octaedro.
Nogueira, S. C., & Rodrigues, O. M. P. R. (2013). Práticas parentais e indicadores de ansiedade, depressão e estresse maternos. [Parenting educational practices and indicators of maternal anxiety, depression, and stress]. Aleph.
Pacheco, J. T. B., Silveira, L. M. O. B., & Schneider, A. M. A. (2008). Estilos e práticas educativas parentais: Análise da relação desses construtos sob a perspectiva dos adolescentes. [Parenting styles and parenting educational practices: Analysis of the relation of these constructs from the perspective of adolescents]. Psico, 39(1), 66–73.
Pasinato, L., & Mosmann, C. P. (2015). Coparentalidade em genitores de bebês com indicativos de dificuldades de inserção escolar. [Coparenting toddlers struggling to adapt at school]. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 19(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.12804/apl34.1.2016.09.
Pereira, C. R. R., & Arpini, D. M. (2012). Os irmãos nas novas configurações familiares. [siblings in new family configurations]. Psicologia Argumento, 30(69), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.7213/psicolargum.v30i69.23283.
Pontes, M. F., Féres-Carneiro, T., & Magalhães, A. S. (2015). Homoparental families and biological motherhood. Psicologia & Sociedade, 27(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-03102015v27n1p189.
Rabelo, D. F., & Neri, A. L. (2014). A complexidade emocional dos relacionamentos intergeracionais e a saúde mental dos idosos. [The emotional complexity of intergenerational relationships and the mental health of the elderly]. Pensando Famílias, 18(1), 138–153.
Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2014). Bidirectional influences between dimensions of coparenting and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(2), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9940-6.
Rios, J. B. S., Ferreira, D. F., & Batista, E. C. (2016). Práticas Educativas e Estilos Parentais: uma Revisão Bibliográfica da Literatura Brasileira. [Parenting educational practices and parenting styles: A review of Brazilian literature]. Revista Uniabeu, 9(21), 17–31.
Sanches, I. R., Pelissoli, M. D. S., Lomando, E. M., & Levandowski, D. C. (2017). Rede de apoio social de famílias homoafetivas formadas por mulheres. [Social support network of homo-affective families formed by women]. Gerais: Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia, 10(2), 176–193.
Santos, Y. G., Scorsolini-Comin, F., & Santos, M. A. (2013). Homoparentalidade masculina: Revisando a produção científica. [Male Homoparenting: Reviewing the scientific production]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(3), 572–582. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722013000300017.
Sharma, R. (2013). The family and family structure classification redefined for the current times. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2(4), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.123774.
Souza, P. B. M., Ramos, M. S., Pontes, F. A. R., & Silva, S. S. C. (2016). Coparentalidade: um estudo de revisão sistemática. [Coparenting: a systematic review study]. Estilos Clínicos, 21(30), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-1624.v21i3p700-720.
Staudt, A. C. P., & Wagner, A. (2008). Paternidade em tempos de mudança. [Fatherhood in times of change]. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 10(1), 174–185.
Supremo Tribunal Federal [STF]. (2013). Resolução sobre casamento civil entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é aprovada pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça. [Resolution on same-sex civil marriage is approved by the Brazilian National Council of Justice]. http://www2.stf.jus.br/portalStfInternacional/cms/destaquesNewsletter.php?sigla=newsletterPortalInternacionalDestaques&idConteudo=238515. Acesso 5 maio 2021.
Teixeira, M. A. P., Oliveira, A. M., & Wottrich, S. H. (2006). Escalas de práticas parentais (EPP): avaliando dimensões de práticas parentais em relação a adolescentes. [Parenting practices scales: assessing dimensions of parenting practices in relation to adolescents]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(3), 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722006000300012.
Teodoro, M. L. M. (2006). Afetividade e conflito em díades familiares: avaliação com o familiograma. [Affectivity and conflict in family dyads: Assessment with the familiogram]. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia, 40(3), 385–390.
Teodoro, M. L., Cardoso, B. M., & Freitas, A. C. H. (2010). Afetividade e conflito familiar e sua relação com a depressão em crianças e adolescentes. [Affectivity and family conflict and their relationship to depression in children and adolescents]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(2), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722010000200015.
Terres-Trindade, M., & Mosmann, C. P. (2016). Conflitos familiares e práticas educativas parentais como preditores de dependência de internet. [Family conflicts and parental educational practices as predictors of internet addiction]. Psico-USF, 21(3), 623–633. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712016210315.
Teubert, D., & Pinquart, M. (2011). The coparenting inventory for parents and adolescents (CI-PA). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000068.
Tombolato, M. A. (2019). As famílias homoparentais nas vozes de pais gays, mães lésbicas e seus/suas filhos(as). [Homoparental families in the voices of gay fathers, lesbian mothers, and their children]. Tese de Doutorado (Universidade de São Paulo).
Uziel, A. P., Mello, L., & Grossi, M. (2006). Conjugalidades e parentalidades de gays, lésbicas e transgêneros no Brasil. [Conjugalities and parenting of gays, lesbians and transgenders in Brazil]. Revista Estudos Feministas, 14(2), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-026x2006000200008.
Van Egeren, L. A., & Hawkins, D. P. (2004). Coming to terms with coparenting: Implications of definition and measurement. Journal of Adult Development, 11(3), 165178. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jade.0000035625.74672.0b.
Zambrano, E. (2006). Parentalidades “impensáveis”: pais/mães homossexuais, travestis e transexuais. [“Unthinkable” parenting: Homosexual fathers/mothers, transvestites and transsexuals]. Horizontes Antropológicos, 12(26), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832006000200006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mosmann, C., Pasinato, L. (2021). Coparenting, Parenting, Affectivity, and Conflict in Homoparental Families. In: Morais, N.A.d., Scorsolini-Comin, F., Cerqueira-Santos, E. (eds) Parenting and Couple Relationships Among LGBTQ+ People in Diverse Contexts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84189-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84189-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84188-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84189-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)