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Personal or Perfunctory? Philippa of Hainault’s Legacy Through Religious Patronage and St Katharine’s by the Tower

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Memorialising Premodern Monarchs

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Abstract

Medieval queens performed two kinds of religious patronage: personal, based on their own preferences and agency, and perfunctory, based on the practice of previous queens or their husbands, to ingratiate themselves within their new kingdom, and as a way of becoming the keepers of memory within their new marital family. Philippa of Hainault’s interference with the Hospital of St Katharine’s by the Tower forms an example in which her patronage was both perfunctory, following in the practices of previous queens, and personal, given that she took a special interest in reforming the institution. Both methods offered an opportunity for queens to ensure that they would be commemorated after death, through their lasting reputation as pious and generous, or through future queens commemorating their predecessors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Parts of this chapter first appeared in Louise Tingle, Chaucer’s Queens: Royal Woman, Intercession and Patronage in England, 1328–1394 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).

  2. 2.

    J. G. Noppen, “A Tomb and Effigy by Hennequin of Liege,” The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 59.342 (1931): 114–117; Veronica Sekules, “Dynasty and Patrimony in the Self-Construction of an English Queen: Philippa of Hainault and her Images,” in England and the Continent in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Andrew Martindale, eds. John Mitchell and Michael Moran (Stamford: Shaun Tyas, 2000), 157–174; Mark Ormrod, “Queenship, Death and Agency: the Commemoration of Isabella of France and Philippa of Hainault,” in Memory and Commemoration in Medieval England: Proceedings of the 2008 Harlaxton Symposium, eds. Caroline M. Barron and Clive Burgess (Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2010), 87–103; Christian Steer, “Royal and Noble Commemoration in the Mendicant Houses of Medieval London, c. 1240–1540,” in Memory and Commemoration in Medieval England: Proceedings of the 2008 Harlaxton Symposium, eds. Caroline M. Barron and Clive Burgess (Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2010), 117–142; T. D. Atkinson, “Queen Philippa’s Pews in Ely Cathedral,” Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 41 (1948): 60–66.

  3. 3.

    Patrick J. Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 63.

  4. 4.

    Erin L. Jordan, “Exploring the Limits of Female Largesse: The Power of Female Patrons in Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Hainaut,” in Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, ed. Theresa Earenfight (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 149–170.

  5. 5.

    John Carmi Parsons, “Piety, Power and the Reputations of Two Thirteenth-Century English Queens,” in Queens, Regents and Potentates, ed. Theresa M. Vann (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995), 115–116.

  6. 6.

    Marjorie Chibnall, “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin,” Anglo-Norman Studies 10 (1987): 35–48.

  7. 7.

    Laura Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London, c. 1300–58,” Gender & History 27.1 (2015): 65.

  8. 8.

    Karen Stöber, “Female Patrons of Late Medieval English Monasteries,” Medieval Prosopography 31 (2016): 117–118.

  9. 9.

    Calendar of Close Rolls, 1234–1396 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1896–1925), (hereafter referenced as CCR), 1343–1346, 598.

  10. 10.

    London, Westminster Abbey Muniments 19621 and 19623; Nicholas Vincent, The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 169–170; Katherine French, “The Material Culture of Childbirth in Late Medieval London and its Suburbs,” Journal of Women’s History 28.2 (2016): 133; Carole Rawcliffe, “Women, Childbirth, and Religion in Late Medieval England,” in Women and Religion in Medieval England, ed. Diana Wood (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2003), 107.

  11. 11.

    Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London,” 56, 60.

  12. 12.

    Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London,” 56–57.

  13. 13.

    F. D. Blackley, “Isabella of France, Queen of England 1308–1358, and the Late Medieval Cult of the Dead,” Canadian Journal of History 25.1 (1980): 26.

  14. 14.

    Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London,” 67.

  15. 15.

    Michael Robson, “Queen Isabella (c. 1295/1358) and the Greyfriars: An Example of Royal Patronage Based on Her Accounts for 1357/1358,” Franciscan Studies 65 (2007): 328, 340, 347.

  16. 16.

    Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London,” 62; C. L. Kingsford, The Grey Friars of London (Aberdeen: British Society of Franciscan Studies, 1915), 165.

  17. 17.

    Elisabeth van Houts, “Introduction: Medieval memories,” in Medieval Memories: Men, Women and the Past, 700–1300, ed. Elisabeth van Houts (Abingdon: Routledge, 2001), 7; Elisabeth van Houts, “Gender, Memories and Prophecies in Medieval Europe,” in Medieval Narrative Sources: A Gateway in the Medieval Mind, eds. Werner Verbeke, Ludo Milis, and Jean Goossens (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2005), 23.

  18. 18.

    Kingsford, The Grey Friars of London, 87. Margaret could refer to Margery Ludwyk or Lodewick, described as a damsel of Queen Anne’s bedchamber, Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1272–1413 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1891–1905), (hereafter known as CPR), 1391–96, 249.

  19. 19.

    Kingsford, The Grey Friars of London, 56; Jens Röhrkasten, The Mendicant Houses of Medieval London, 1221–1539 (Münster: Lit Verlag, 2004), 216; Robson, “Queen Isabella (c. 1295/1358) and the Greyfriars,” 335; CPR, 1367–1370, 432.

  20. 20.

    Steer, “Royal and Noble Commemoration,” 119.

  21. 21.

    William Page, ed., A History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 2 (London: Victoria County History, 1906), 435; W. H. Bliss, ed., Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, 1198–1521 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1893–2005), (hereafter known as CPL), 1342–1362, 252.

  22. 22.

    CPL, 1305–1342, 492; L. F. Salzman, ed., A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 2 (London: Victoria County History, 1948), 276–282.

  23. 23.

    Parsons, “Piety, Power and the Reputations of Two Thirteenth-Century English Queens,” 118, 121; Janet Burton, Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000–1300 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 109; Jens Röhrkasten, “The English Crown and the Franciscans in the Order’s Early History,” in The English Province of the Franciscans (1224–c.1350), ed. Michael J. P. Robson (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 80.

  24. 24.

    CPR, 1330–1334, 314.

  25. 25.

    CPR, 1317–1321, 164.

  26. 26.

    CPR, 1327–1330, 60.

  27. 27.

    Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 285.

  28. 28.

    Catherine Jamison, The History of the Royal Hospital of St. Katharine by the Tower of London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952), 20–23.

  29. 29.

    Jamison, The History of the Royal Hospital, 22.

  30. 30.

    CCR, 1333–1337, 47, 48, 63 and 171; William Page, ed., A History of the County of London: Volume 1, London Within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark (London: Victoria County History, 1909), 525–530.

  31. 31.

    J. B. Nichols, Account of the Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of Saint Katharine near the Tower of London (London: J. B. Nichols, 1824), 4.

  32. 32.

    Helen Lacey, The Royal Pardon: Access to Mercy in Fourteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 2009), 207; Lisa Benz St John, Three Medieval Queens: Queenship and the Crown in Fourteenth-Century England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 106.

  33. 33.

    W. Mark Ormrod, Edward III (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 71.

  34. 34.

    St John, Three Medieval Queens, 106.

  35. 35.

    Slater, “Defining Queenship at Greyfriars London,” 61.

  36. 36.

    Patricia A. Dark, “The Career of Matilda of Boulogne as Countess and Queen in England, 1135–1152” (PhD diss., University of Oxford, 2005), 59.

  37. 37.

    W. H. Bliss, ed., Petitions to the Pope 1342–1419 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1896), 236–237; CPL, 1305–1342, 88.

  38. 38.

    CPR, 1367–1370, 338.

  39. 39.

    Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and Other Analogous Documents Preserved in the Public Record Office, ed. J. E. E. S. Sharp et al (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1904–2004), XV, 81; CPR, 1367–1370, 338.

  40. 40.

    CPR, 1377–1381, 151.

  41. 41.

    Jonathan Hughes, The Rise of Alchemy in Fourteenth-Century England: Plantagenet Kings and the Search for the Philosopher’s Stone (London: Continuum, 2012), 11, 61, 92.

  42. 42.

    CPR, 1377–1381, 559, 613.

  43. 43.

    Jamison, The History of the Royal Hospital, 54.

  44. 44.

    CPR, 1338–1340, 313.

  45. 45.

    H. C. Maxwell Lyte and Charles G. Crump, eds., Calendar of the Charter Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, 1226–1516, Vol. V (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1916), 261.

  46. 46.

    CPL, 1305–1342, 367; Petitions to the Pope 1342–1419, 29.

  47. 47.

    Petitions to the Pope 1342–1419, 89, 103.

  48. 48.

    John Brownbill, ed., The Ledger Book of Vale Royal Abbey (Manchester: Manchester Record Society, 1914), 39–40; Richard Firth Green, A Crisis of Truth: Literature and Law in Ricardian England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 165–169.

  49. 49.

    Caroline Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings: The Politics of Motherhood at the Court of Edward III,” in Family and Dynasty in Late Medieval England: Proceedings of the 1997 Harlaxton Symposium, eds. Richard Eales and Shaun Tyas (Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2003), 115.

  50. 50.

    Atkinson, “Queen Philippa’s Pews,” 62–63; R. B. Pugh, ed., A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 4, City of Ely; Ely, N. and S. Witchford and Wisbech Hundreds (London: Victoria County History, 2002), 80; Stella Mary Newton, “Queen Philippa’s Squirrel Suit,” in Documenta Textilia: Festschrift für Sigrid Müller-Christensen, eds. M. Flury-Lemberg and K. Stolleis (Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1981), 342–348.

  51. 51.

    A. F. Wareham and A. P. M. Wright, eds., A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10, Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (North-Eastern Cambridgeshire) (London: Victoria County History, 2002), 2–3; The National Archives, Kew (TNA), SC 6/1091/5; Calendar of Charters and Rolls preserved in the Bodleian Library (Oxford), eds. William H. Turner and H. O. Coxe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1878), 39.

  52. 52.

    Frédérique Lachaud, “Vêtement et pouvoir à la cour d’Angleterre sous Philippa de Hainaut,” in Au cloître et dans le monde: Femmes, hommes et sociétés, eds. Patrick Henriet and Anne-Marie Legras (Paris: Presses de l’Université de Paris, 2000), 217–233; Chris Woolgar, “Queens and Crowns: Philippa of Hainault, Possessions and the Queen’s Chamber in Mid XIVth-Century England,” Micrologus 22 (2014): 226.

  53. 53.

    Katherine L. French, The Good Women of the Parish: Gender and Religion After the Black Death (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 41–42.

  54. 54.

    TNA E 35/203; George Frederick Beltz, Memorials of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (London: William Pickering, 1841), 393; Juliet Vale, Edward III and Chivalry: Chivalric Society and its Context, 1270–1350 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1983), 84; TNA, E 101/383/13, m. 3 and E 101/385/12, m. 1; Shenton, “Philippa of Hainault’s Churchings,” 117–118.

  55. 55.

    W. H. Hart, ed., Historia et cartularium monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, Volume 1 (London: Rolls Series, 1863), 47–48; D. M. Palliser, “Royal Mausolea in the Long Fourteenth Century (1272–1422),” in Fourteenth Century III, ed. W. M. Ormrod (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2004), 9.

  56. 56.

    John Rylands University Library, Manchester, Latin MS 235, fols. 7v–8v; C. M. Woolgar, “Gifts of food in late medieval England,” Journal of Medieval History 37.1 (2011): 14.

  57. 57.

    Parsons, “Piety, Power and the Reputations of Two Thirteenth-Century English Queens,” 110.

  58. 58.

    John Richard Magrath, The Queen’s College, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), 1: pl. VI; Elizabeth Danbury, “Queens and Powerful Women: Image and Authority,” in Good Impressions: Image and Authority in Medieval Seals, eds. Noël Adams, John Cherry and James Robinson (London: British Museum, 2008), 19.

  59. 59.

    Magrath, The Queen’s College, 1: 15–16.

  60. 60.

    Magrath, The Queen’s College, 1: 95.

  61. 61.

    CPR, 1340–1343, 249.

  62. 62.

    CPR, 1343–1345, 103, 239, 457; CPR, 1348–1350, 254; CPR, 1354–1358, 45; Petitions to the Pope 1342–1419, 120.

  63. 63.

    Magrath, The Queen’s College, 1: 10.

  64. 64.

    William Page, ed., A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 4 (London: Victoria County History, 1911), 377–379; CPR, 1340–1343, 194; CPR, 1343–1345, 457.

  65. 65.

    Magrath, The Queen’s College, 1: 25, n. 5.

  66. 66.

    CPR, 1381–1385, 401; Magrath, The Queen’s College, 1: 118–120.

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Tingle, L. (2022). Personal or Perfunctory? Philippa of Hainault’s Legacy Through Religious Patronage and St Katharine’s by the Tower. In: Storey, G. (eds) Memorialising Premodern Monarchs. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84130-0_6

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