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“The Whole Stature of a Goodly Man and a Large Horse”: Memorialising Henry VIII’s Manly, Knightly and Warrior Status

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Memorialising Premodern Monarchs

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Abstract

This chapter uses Henry VIII’s elaborate plans for his tomb as a way to analyse his sense of his own masculinity and the way it was projected throughout his reign. The tomb of Henry VIII has been overlooked by historians in the past as perhaps insignificant to his legacy as it does not reflect the grandiose designs of the king or represent the known extravagance of the king and his court. This study will make a unique contribution to the recent discussion of the masculinity of Henry VIII by using material culture (or at least plans) as a way to assess how the king wanted to be remembered and what that in turn revealed about his presentation of manhood.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    One of the first major studies to examine the performance of masculine ideals of kingship is Christopher Fletcher, Richard II Manhood, Youth and Politics 1377–99 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), and more recently, Katherine Lewis, Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England (Oxon: Routledge, 2013).

  2. 2.

    Alfred Higgins, “On the Work of Florentine Sculptors in England in the Early Part of the Sixteenth Century, with Special Reference to the Tombs of Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII,” The Archaeological Journal 51 (1894): 142.

  3. 3.

    Charlotte Bolland, “Italian Material Culture at The Tudor Court,” (PhD. diss., Queen Mary, University of London 2011), 15–278.

  4. 4.

    Henry VIII, Miscellaneous Writings: In which are Included Assertion of the Seven Sacraments; Love Letters to Anne Boleyn; Songs; Letter to the Emperor; Two Proclamations; Will., ed. Francis McNamara (Golden Cockerel Press: Waltham Saint Lawrence, 1924), 206–207.

  5. 5.

    Phillip G. Lindley, “Playing check-mate with royal majesty? Wolsey’s Patronage of Italian Royal sculpture,” in Cardinal Wolsey: Church State and Art, eds. Steven J. Gunn and Phillip G. Lindley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 261–284.

  6. 6.

    For work on the extravagant ostentation of the building see John Matusiak, Wolsey: The Life of King Henry VIII’s Cardinal (Stroud: The History Press, 2014).

  7. 7.

    Margaret Mitchell, “Works of Art from Rome for Henry VIII,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 34 (1971): 178–203.

  8. 8.

    Michael Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 51. In 1808, it was relocated to St Paul’s Cathedral and set above the grave of the acclaimed war hero Lord Nelson.

  9. 9.

    Mitchell, “Works of Art from Rome for Henry VIII,” 178–203.

  10. 10.

    John Speed, The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. Their original manners, habits, warres, coines, and seales, with the successions, lines, acts, and issues of the English monarchs, from Iulius Caesar, to our most, gratious soueraigne King Iames. The second edition. Reuised, & enlarged w[i]th sundry descents of ye Saxons kings, their mariages and armes (London, 1627), 796–797. Speed’s description of the tomb.

  11. 11.

    Speed, The History of Greate Britaine, 796–797.

  12. 12.

    Mitchell, “Works of Art from Rome for Henry VIII,” 178–203.

  13. 13.

    C. S. L. Davies, “Tudor: What’s in Name?” History 97 no. 325 (2012): 24–42.

  14. 14.

    Lucy Wooding, Henry VIII (Oxon: Routledge 2nd ed., 2015), 70.

  15. 15.

    Speed, The History of Greate Britaine, 796–797.

  16. 16.

    Lewis, Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England, 2.

  17. 17.

    Fiona Dunlop, The Late Medieval Interlude: The Drama of Youth and Aristocratic Masculinity (York: York Medieval Press, in association with Boydell & Brewer and the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York, 2007), 123.

  18. 18.

    Noel Fallows, Jousting in Medieval and Renaissance Iberia (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2010), 175.

  19. 19.

    Wooding, Henry VIII, 67.

  20. 20.

    Derek Neal, The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 134.

  21. 21.

    Ruth Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men: Formations of Masculinity in Late Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 20.

  22. 22.

    Geoffroi de Charny, A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry, trans. Elspeth Kennedy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).

  23. 23.

    Thom Richardson, “The Royal Armour Workshops at Greenwich,” in Henry VIII: Arms and the Man, 1509–2009, eds. Graeme Rimer, Thom Richardson, and John D. P. Cooper (Leeds: Royal Armouries, 2009), 1–8.

  24. 24.

    Thom Richardson, The Armour & Arms of Henry VIII (Trustees of the Royal Armouries Museum, 2017).

  25. 25.

    I discuss below Henry VIII’s armour for field and combat (1540) that incorporated designs by Hans Holbein.

  26. 26.

    For example Henry’s Tonlet armour (1520) worn at the Field of Cloth of Gold tournament see “Tonlet Armour (1520)” Object number II.7 Royal Armouries Collection, accessed 30 November 2020, https://royalarmouries.org/stories/object-of-the-month/object-of-the-month-for-april-henry-viiis-foot-combat-armour/.

  27. 27.

    For English settlement in Normandy in the early fifteenth century, see C.T. Allmand, “The Lancastrian Land Settlement in Normandy 1417–50,” The Economic History Review 21.3 (1968): 461–479; C.T. Allmand, The Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450: The History Medieval Occupation (Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1983), 50–121; R.A. Massey, “The Land Settlement in Lancastrian in Normandy, 1417–50,” in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, ed. A. J. Pollard (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1984), 76–96.

  28. 28.

    Steven J. Gunn, The English People at War in the Age of Henry VIII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 11.

  29. 29.

    Polydore Vergil, Anglican Historia of Polydore Vergil, A.d. 1485–1537, ed. and trans. Denys Hay (Camden Society., 3rd series, 1940), 161.

  30. 30.

    David Trim, “Knights of Christ?” in Cross, Crown & Community: Religion, Government, and Culture in Early Modern England 1400–1800, eds. David. J. B. Trim, Peter. J. Balderstone, and Harry Leonard (Oxford: Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2004), 77–113.

  31. 31.

    Steven J. Gunn, “Henry VIII’s Foreign Policy and the Tudor Cult of Chivalry,” in François ler et Henri VIII: deux princes de la renaissance, ed. Charles Giry-Deloison (Lille: Charles de Gaulle Université-Lille III, 1996), 25–35.

  32. 32.

    Wooding, Henry VIII, 67.

  33. 33.

    Edward Hall, Hall’s chronicle: containing the history of England , during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. Carefully collated with the editions of 1548 and 1550, ed. J. Johnson (London, 1809), 550.

  34. 34.

    Trim, “Knights of Christ?” 77–113.

  35. 35.

    Charles G. Cruickshank, Henry VIII and the Invasion of France (Stroud: Sutton, 1990), 163 and John Guy, Tudor England, (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1988), 192: the traditional stance taken by these historians is that Henry’s wars were wasteful and ineffective.

  36. 36.

    Henry Guildford’s account book for stores and revels at Greenwich in 1527 in The National Archives, UK, E36/227, fol. 11 records that he earned £4 and 10 shillings for the painting of the siege of Thèrouanne.

  37. 37.

    Glenn Richardson, “Entertainments for the French ambassadors at the court of Henry VIII,” Renaissance Studies 9.4 (1995): 404–415.

  38. 38.

    Dale Hoaks, “Legacy of Henry VIII,” in Henry VIII and his After Lives, eds. Mark Rankin, Christopher Higley, and John King (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 53–73. Tellingly towards the end of his life Henry had two enormous paintings commissioned of him in battle.

  39. 39.

    Olivier Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and Constraints of Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 315.

  40. 40.

    Christopher S. Wood, Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 311.

  41. 41.

    Christoph Luitpold Frommel, Michelangelo’s Tomb for Julius II: Genesis and Genius (London: Yale University Press, 2016).

  42. 42.

    Maximillian recorded his many contests in a richly illustrated tourney book known as Freydal that appears in a text MS. with corrections by Maximilian I in Vienna, National Library, cod. 2385.

  43. 43.

    Natalie Anderson, “The Tournament and its Role in the Court Culture of Emperor Maximillian I (1459–1519),” (PhD. diss., The University of Leeds, 2017), 1–235.

  44. 44.

    “The Burgundian Bard (1510)” Object number VI.6, Royal Armouries Collection, accessed 30 November 2020, https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-2626.html.

  45. 45.

    “The Horned Helmet (1512)” Object number IV.22, Royal Armouries Collection, accessed 30 November 2020, https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-2623.html.

  46. 46.

    Carolyn Springer, Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), 21.

  47. 47.

    “Silver and engraved armour (about 1515)” Object II.5, Royal Armouries Collection, accessed 30 November 2020, https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-18.html.

  48. 48.

    Hugh E. L. Collins, The Order of the Garter, 1348–1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000) 1.

  49. 49.

    Richard Barber, “Why did Edward III hold the Round Table? The political background,” in Edward III’s Round Table at Windsor: The House of the Round Table and the Windsor Festival of 1344, eds. Julian Munby, Richard Barber, and Richard Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2007), 77–84.

  50. 50.

    Wooding, Henry VIII, 63.

  51. 51.

    Charles Ross, Edward IV (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), 274.

  52. 52.

    For works on the tournaments of Edward IV see Sydney Anglo, “Anglo- Burgundian Feats of Arms: Smithfield June 1467,” The Guildhall Miscellany 2.7 (1965): 271–283; Richard Barber, “Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur and Court Culture,” in Arthurian Literature XII, eds. James P. Carley and Felicity Riddy (Cambridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1993), 133–156; Francis Cripps-Day, The History of the Tournament in England and in France (London: B. Quaritch limited, 1918), 96–98; Maurice Keen and Juliet Barker, “The Medieval English Kings and the Tournament,” in Nobles, Knights and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages, ed. M. Keen (Hambledon: Continuum, 1996), 83–101; Emma Levitt, “Tiltyard Friendships and Bonds of Loyalty in the Reign of Edward IV, 1461–1483,” in Loyalty to the British Monarchy in Late Medieval and Early Modern Britain c.1400–1688, eds. Matthew Ward and Matthew Hefferan (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), 15–37.

  53. 53.

    Henry VIII, Miscellaneous Writings: In which are Included Assertion of the Seven Sacraments; Love Letters to Anne Boleyn; Songs; Letter to the Emperor; Two Proclamations; Will., 207.

  54. 54.

    There is a wealth of literature on Henry VIII’s tournaments. See Viscount Dillon, “Tilting in Tudor Times,” Archaeological Journal 55 (1898): 269–339; Charles Ffoulkes, “Jousting Cheques of the Sixteenth Century,” Archaeologia Journal 63 (1912): 34–39; Steven Gunn, “Tournaments and Early Tudor Chivalry,” History Today 41.6, (1991): 15–21.

  55. 55.

    Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII; letters, &c. of Henry VII; correspondence of James IV, ed. James Gairdner (Longman Green: Longman and Roberts, 1863), 57.

  56. 56.

    Wooding, Henry VIII, 63.

  57. 57.

    Frederick George Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter: From its Foundations to the Present Time with Biographical Notices of the Knights in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II (London: London W. Pickering, 1841), 89.

  58. 58.

    “Henry VIII: April 1523, 16–30,” in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 3, 1519–1523, ed. J. S Brewer (London, 1867), 1250–1265, British History Online, accessed 16 February 2021, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol3/pp1250-1265.

  59. 59.

    Now in the possession of the Dean at the College of Windsor.

  60. 60.

    “Henry VIII: April 1513, 21–25,” in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1, 1509–1514, ed. J. S Brewer (London, 1920), 815–833. British History Online, accessed 16 February 2021, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol1/pp815-833.

  61. 61.

    “Henry VIII: February 1514, 1–10,” in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1, 1509–1514, 1147–1153. British History Online, accessed 16 February 2021, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol1/pp1147-1153.

  62. 62.

    For an academic study on Charles Brandon see Steven Gunn, Charles Brandon: Henry VIII’s Closest Friend (original edition Oxford: Oxford University Press 1988, revised edition Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2015).

  63. 63.

    Eleanor Cracknell, “Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk,” Archives Blog, accessed 30 November 2020, https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/charles-brandon-duke-of-suffolk/.

  64. 64.

    Edward IV arranged for his best friend William Hastings to be buried next to him at St George’s Chapel, Windsor.

  65. 65.

    Speed, The history of Great Britaine, 796–797.

  66. 66.

    Thomas P. Campbell, Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty: Tapestries at the Tudor court (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2007), 233.

  67. 67.

    Miles Coverdale, Biblia. The Bible tha[t] is, the holy scripture of t[he] Olde and new Testament, faithfully and truly translated out of Douche and Latyn in to Englishe by Miles Coverdale (Germany, 1535): a copy can be found online The British Library, accessed 30 November 2020, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/coverdale-bible.

  68. 68.

    John N. King, “Henry VIII as David,” in Rethinking the Henrician Era: Essays on Early Tudor Texts and Contexts, ed. Peter. C. Herman (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press), 78–83.

  69. 69.

    “Henry VIII Great Bible c.1538–1540,” The British Library, accessed 30 November 2020, http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item101943.html The Bible with its coloured title page is visible on here.

  70. 70.

    Jean Maillart, “Psalter (The Psalter of Henry VIII),” The British Library, accessed 30 November 2020, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/henry-viii-psalter: the entire manuscript has been digitised.

  71. 71.

    Hans Holbein, “Solomon and the Queen of Sheba c. 1534,” Royal Collection Trust, accessed 30 November 2020, https://www.rct.uk/collection/912188/solomon-and-the-queen-of-sheba.

  72. 72.

    “Armor for field and tournament 1540,” Object II.8 Royal Armouries, accessed 30 November 2020, https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-11384.html.

  73. 73.

    The Royal College of Arms collection formerly in Box 37: now in a portfolio, tilting list, 6V. 46, May 1 1540.

  74. 74.

    Neal, The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England, 134.

  75. 75.

    Suzannah Lipscomb, 1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII (Oxford: Lion Books, 2009), 11.

  76. 76.

    Tatiana String, “Projecting Masculinity: Henry VIII’s Codpiece,” in Henry VIII and His Afterlives: Literature, Politics and Art, eds. Mark Rankin, Christopher Highley, and John N. King (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 143–160.

  77. 77.

    For a recent discussion on the size of codpieces in an adaptation of Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall see Alison Flood, “Research confirms inadequacy of codpieces in TV version of Wolf Hall”, The Guardian, 30 April 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/apr/30/wolf-hall-codpieces-too-small-says-literature-researcher.

  78. 78.

    Retha M. Warnicke, The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 127–153. This is made explicit in one humiliating episode that took place in January 1540, in which Henry hastened to meet his soon to be bride Anne of Cleves at Rochester.

  79. 79.

    “Field Armor of King Henry VIII of England ca.1544,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed 30 November 2020, http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/23936.

  80. 80.

    “Henry VIII: September 1544, 11–15,” in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 19 Part 2, August-December 1544, eds. James Gairdner and R H Brodie (London, 1905), 114–125. British History Online, accessed 16 February 2021, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol19/no2/pp114-125.

  81. 81.

    Robert Hutchinson, Henry VIII: The Decline and Fall of a Tyrant (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2019), 92.

  82. 82.

    Hall, Hall’s Chronicle, 861.

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  1. University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

    Emma Levitt

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    Gabrielle Storey

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Levitt, E. (2022). “The Whole Stature of a Goodly Man and a Large Horse”: Memorialising Henry VIII’s Manly, Knightly and Warrior Status. In: Storey, G. (eds) Memorialising Premodern Monarchs. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84130-0_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84130-0_2

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