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Mighty Lady and True Husband: Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in Norwegian Memory

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Memorialising Premodern Monarchs

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Abstract

The legacy of Margrete Valdemarsdaughter (1353–1412) is dominated by the impact of the unification of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark into the Kalmar Union (1397–1523/1814). This chapter explores how Margrete’s life is memorialised in Norwegian culture. By examining how Margrete is remembered by the Royal House of Norway, in educational resources, and popular literature this chapter is able to show how Norwegian memorialisation of Margrete has shifted from an active party contributing to the decline of Norway, to a feminist hero and role model for young Norwegians. The modern Norwegian memory of Margrete is a result of a combination of cultural trends aimed at re-claiming the past, first for the Norwegian nation and more recently for Norwegian women resulting in a complex memory of Margrete.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kristin Bliksrud Aavitsland, “Middelalder Og Norsk Identitet. Litterære Og Visuelle Eksempler På Norsk Medievalisme,” Konsthistorisk Tidskrift/Journal of Art History 75.1 (2006): 38–49; Karl C. Alvestad, “The ‘accurate’ deeds of Our Fathers: The ‘authentic’ narrative of early Norway,” in The Middle Ages in Modern Culture: History and Authenticity in Contemporary Medievalism, eds. Karl C. Alvestad and Robert Houghton (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021); Karl C. Alvestad. “Neither Dane, nor Swede, and definitely not Finn; transmission of narratives of otherness in 19th- and early 20th-century Norwegian Historiography,” Revue d’Histoire Nordique 23.2 (2016): 105–120; Karl C. Alvestad, Kings, Heroes and Ships: The Use of Historical Characters in Nineteenth—and Twentieth—Century Perceptions of the Early Medieval Scandinavian Past, (PhD diss., University of Winchester, 2016); Karl C. Alvestad, “Seeing Him for What He Was: Reimagining King Olaf II Haraldsson in Post-War Popular Culture,” in Premodern Rulers and Postmodern Viewers: Gender, Sex, and Power in Popular Culture, eds. Janice North, Karl C. Alvestad, and Elena Woodacre (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 283–301.

  2. 2.

    This exceptionalism of Ragnhild, Kristina, and Margrete in modern memorialisation is as Heather L. Tanner, Laura Gathagan, and Lois L. Huneycutt argue not a representation of their real historic importance, but rather a result of prolonged chauvinism and exclusion from the historical narrative. Structures of exclusion are undoubtedly also at play in the sources and memories of the Norwegian past. Heather J. Tanner, Laura L. Gathagan, and Lois L. Huneycutt, “Introduction,” in Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate, ed. Heather L. Tanner (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 1–18.

  3. 3.

    Bjørn Bandlien, “Ragnhild—Halfdan Svartes annen dronning,” Store norske leksikon on snl.no, accessed 18 September 2020, https://snl.no/Ragnhild_-_Halfdan_Svartes_annen_dronning.

  4. 4.

    Audun Dybdahl, “Kristin Håkonsdatter,” Norsk Biografisk Leksikon on snl.no, accessed 18 September 2020, https://nbl.snl.no/Kristin_H%C3%A5konsdatter.

  5. 5.

    Per G. Norseng, “Margrete 1,” Store norske leksikon on snl.no, accessed 18 September 2020, https://snl.no/Margrete_1.

  6. 6.

    “Rekonstruksjon av Dronning Margrete 1. Valdermarsdaughters gullkjole. Hun var den eneste regjerende dronningen i middelalderen. Til gjengjeld regjerte hun i både Norge, Sverige og Danmark. For ei dame!” Erkebispegården (@erkebispegarden), “Rekonstruksjon av Dronning Margrete 1. Valdermarsdaughters gullkjole. Hun var den eneste regjerende dronningen i middelalderen. Til gjengjeld regjerte hun i både Norge, Sverige og Danmark. For ei dame!,” Instagram photo, 12 November 2018, https://www.instagram.com/p/BqFHwoHgn3c/?igshid=1m9s0kj8xa287.

  7. 7.

    Alvestad, Kings, Heroes and Ships, 19; Karl C. Alvestad, “Middelalders helter og Norsk nasjonalisme før andre verdenskrig,” Slagmark 79.1 (2019): 83; J. Fentress and C. Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 201.

  8. 8.

    J. E. Myhre, “The ‘Decline of Norway’: Grief and Fascination in Norwegian Historiography on the Middle Ages,” in The Uses of the Middle Ages in Modern European States: History, Nationhood and the Search for Origins, eds. R.J.W. Evans and Guy P. Marchal (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 2015), 18–30.

  9. 9.

    Vivian Etting, Queen Margrethe I, 1353–1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union. (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004), 1.

  10. 10.

    Norseng, “Margrete 1,” accessed 18 September 2020, https://snl.no/Margrete_1; Halvard Bjørkvik, “Margrete Valdemarsdotter,” in Norges Konger og Dronninger, ed. Jon Gunnar Arntzen (Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 2007), 117–122; Erik Opsahl, “Margrete—“Norges pengefattige og magtløse dronning”?” in Dronningemagt I Middelalderen: Festskrift Til Anders Bøgh, eds. Jeppe Büchert Netterstrøm and Kasper H. Andersen (Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2018), 298–299.

  11. 11.

    The status of Norway and its medieval dependencies in the Danish kingdom between 1536 and 1814 shifts over the course of the early modern period. In 1660, the kingdom was resurrected in the establishment of the double monarchy Denmark-Norway, but its legitimacy was a product of the Union founded by Margrete in 1397.

  12. 12.

    Kulturrådet, “RIKSARKIVET: Dronning Margretes valgbrev 1388,” on Kulturrådet.no, accessed 18 September 2020, https://www.kulturradet.no/vis-mowartikkel/-/mow-dronning-margretes-valgbrev-1388.

  13. 13.

    Alvestad, Kings, Heroes and Ships, 34.

  14. 14.

    Det Norske Kongehus, “Den Norske Kongerekken,” on Kongehuset.no, accessed 18 September 2020, https://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=27626&sek=26982.

  15. 15.

    Det Norske Kongehus, “Historikk,” on archive.org, accessed 20 September 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20010331091551fw_/http://www.kongehuset.no/monarkiet_hist.html.

  16. 16.

    Bjørkvik, “Margrete Valdemarsdotter,” 117–122; Opsahl, “Margrete,” 301.

  17. 17.

    Bjørkvik, “Margrete Valdemarsdotter,” 117–122; Opsahl, “Margrete,” 301.

  18. 18.

    Whereas the differentiation between queen regent and queen regnant is important for how we should understand Margrete, it is clear that Margrete’s role as queen and the nature of her queenship is as troublesome to define. This differentiation problem reflects Theresa Earenfight’s claim that queenship is vexing to define. See Theresa Earenfight, “Medieval Queenship,” History Compass 15.3 (2017): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12372.

  19. 19.

    J. Vellesen, Norgis soga aat folkeskulen (Kristiania: Beyers Forlag, 1900), 49.

  20. 20.

    S. Petersen, Momenter til støtte for hukommelsen ved den mundtlige undervisning (Kristiania: Mallings Bokhandel. 1886), 10.

  21. 21.

    Idar Libærk, Trude Mathiesen, Rolf Mikkelsen, and Øivind Stenersen, Globus 7 (Oslo: Cappelen, 2008), 118–121.

  22. 22.

    Tone Aarre, Bjørg Åsta Flatby and Håvard Lunnan, Midgrad 7 (Oslo: Aschehoug forlag: 1999), 114–117.

  23. 23.

    Libærk, Globus 7, 119.

  24. 24.

    Theo Koritzinsky, Samfunnskunnskap: fagdidaktisk innføring (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2018), 40.

  25. 25.

    Aarre, Midgrad 7, 114–117.

  26. 26.

    Vellesen, Norgis soga, 49–51.

  27. 27.

    “Kroningsbrevet frå 1397 der riksråd og stormenn anerkjende Erik av Pommern som konge over Sverige, Danmark og Noreg …” Libærk, Globus 7, 119.

  28. 28.

    NDLA.NO, “Maktens korridorer,” on NDLA.NO, accessed 19 September 2020. https://ndla.no/nb/subjects/subject:9/topic:1:182163/topic:1:154342/resource:1:162882; NDLA.NO, “Senmiddelalderen,” on NDLA.NO, accessed 19 September 2020. https://ndla.no/nb/subjects/subject:9/topic:1:182163/topic:1:154342/resource:1:169341/945.

  29. 29.

    P. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2002), 17–18; Alvestad, Kings, Heroes and Ships, 185–200; Alvestad, “Neither Dane, nor Swede,” 105–120.

  30. 30.

    Katherine Weikert, “Feminism, Fiction, and the Empress Matilda,” in Premodern Rulers and Postmodern Viewers: Gender, Sex, and Power in Popular Culture, eds. Janice North, Karl C. Alvestad, and Elena Woodacre (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 82.

  31. 31.

    Caroline Drefvelin, “Det hjelper ikke all verdens priser jeg får. Jeg blir ikke kvitt det. Jeg er ikke bra nok,” Dagbladet.no, last modified 5 May 2018, https://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/det-hjelper-ikke-all-verdens-priser-jeg-far-jeg-blir-ikke-kvitt-det-jeg-er-ikke-bra-nok/69773675.

  32. 32.

    CappelenDamm, “H.M. Kongens fortjenstmedalje til Frid Ingulstad,” accessed 15 September 2020, https://www.cappelendamm.no/cappelendamm/forfattere/forfatternyheter/article.action?contentId=143114.

  33. 33.

    F. Ingulstad, Margrete (Oslo: Egmont Bøker, 2000).

  34. 34.

    Halvard Bjørkvik, “Margrete Valdemarsdotter,” in Norges Konger og Dronninger, ed. Jon Gunnar Arntzen (Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget: 2007), 117–122.

  35. 35.

    Ingulstad, Margrete, 5–6.

  36. 36.

    Ingulstad, Margrete, 6.

  37. 37.

    Haakon VI did not manage to secure the Swedish crown before his death in 1380. Ingulstad, Margrete, 214–216.

  38. 38.

    Ingulstad, Margrete, 7.

  39. 39.

    “Jeg syntes det var interessant å skrive om kvinnene i vår historie siden det står så lite om dem I historiebøkene. I Snorre står det 220 sider om Olav den Hellige og bare noen få setninger om hans dronning. I Det norske folks liv og historie [av S. Hasung (1934)] står det side opp og side ned med personregister, men du må lete lenge etter et kvinnenavn. Likevel tror jeg at kvinnene har hatt mer å si enn historieskriverne vill ha det til. I Kongsdøtrene [bokserien romanen Margrete er en del av] forsøkte jeg å tenke meg hvordan disse kvinnene kunne ha hatt det. Under research fant jeg alt jeg trengte å vite om livet på en kongsgård på den tiden, hva som skjedde ellers i landet, hvem som hadde de høye stillingene, hva de levde av, hva de var redd for, hva de trodde på og hvordan de oppførte seg. Det var nok stoff å ta av, bare ikke når det gjaldt kvinnenes tanker og følelser.” Frid Ingulstad, Min Historie (Oslo: Cappelen Damm: 2007), 207.

  40. 40.

    “I Norge har vi hatt mange konger. Over 60 menn har regjert over Norge, men bare én kvinne har vært regjerende dronning, altså en dronning som bestemte selv, og ikke bare var gift med en konge. Margrete levde på 1300-tallet, og styrte ikke bare Norge, men også Sverige og Danmark. På den tiden var det mye strid og uro rundt de kongelige. Kongen hadde stor makt, og det var en krevende jobb å regjere over et helt land. Dronning Margrete var god til å regjere, og hun huskes ennå—over 600 år etter at hun døde. … Jeg håper du har lyst til å lese om den tøffe jenta som ble Norges første—og foreløpig siste—regjerende dronning!” Linn T. Sunne, Margrete 1. (Oslo: Gyldendal Forlag: 2017), 7.

  41. 41.

    “Hun husker hva faren hennes sa—hadde du vært gutt, ville du vært konge.” Sunne, Margrete 1., 64.

  42. 42.

    Sunne, Margrete 1., 4.

  43. 43.

    Myhre, “The ‘Decline of Norway’,” 18–30.

  44. 44.

    Frode Iversen, “Dronning Margretes instruks,” in Dronningen: I Vikingtid Og Middelalder, eds. Karoline Kjesrud and Nanna Løkka (Oslo: Scandinavian Academic Press, 2017), 384–421.

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Alvestad, K.C. (2022). Mighty Lady and True Husband: Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in Norwegian Memory. In: Storey, G. (eds) Memorialising Premodern Monarchs. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84130-0_11

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