Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dermal Fillers: Understanding the Fundamentals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Non-Surgical Rejuvenation of Asian Faces

  • 1708 Accesses

Abstract

Facial volumetric restoration, augmentation, and contouring with injectable products such as hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are exceedingly popular procedures in the minimally invasive and non-surgical era. These agents are traditionally used to merely fill lines and wrinkles, however, with the evolution of products and enhanced knowledge, these agents can be used for total facial rejuvenation. Although hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are the most popular agents  globally, there are other filling/volumising agents available internationally with their own specific characteristics and indications for use. With increased globalisation, aesthetic clinicians may see patients who have had treatments with filling agents that they are not familiar with. Dermal fillers can be categorised in many ways, including according to the source of the product (biologic or synthetic), longevity within the tissues (temporary, semi-permanent, or permanent), the biomechanics of filling (volumetric, structural, or fibroplastic), or according to their bio-stimulatory effects. It is paramount to understand that injection of any filling agent into the facial tissues can prompt a local tissue injury response. It is therefore crucial for aesthetic clinicians to become familiar with the characteristics of commonly available products, to facilitate informed decision making and treatment planning. Correct product should be chosen based on patient factors, indications and contraindications for use, and the knowledge and expertise of the physician.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. de Jesus LH, et al. Location of injected polymethylmethacrylate microspheres influences the onset of late adverse effects: an experimental and histopathologic study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:431–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Gilbert E, et al. The basic science of dermal fillers: past and present Part II: adverse effects. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(9):1069–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Fagien S, Klein AW. A brief overview and history of temporary fillers: evolution, advantages, and limitations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(6S):8S–16S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Klein AW, Elson ML. The history of substances for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(12):1096–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rapaport MJ, Vinnik C, Zarem H. Injectable silicone: cause of facial nodules, cellulitis, ulceration, and migration. Aesthet Plast Surg. 1996;20(3):267–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Achauer BM. A serious complication following medical-grade silicone injection of the face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;71(2):251–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mastruserio DN, Pesqueira MJ, Cobb MW. Severe granulomatous reaction and facial ulceration occurring after subcutaneous silicone injection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(5):849–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bon A, Eichmann A. Serious long-term complication following silicone injection of the face. Dermatology. 1993;187(4):286–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gilbert E, Hui A, Waldorf HA. The basic science of dermal fillers: past and present Part I: background and mechanisms of action. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(9):1059–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Henly DR, et al. Particulate silicone for use in periurethral injections: local tissue effects and search for migration. J Urol. 1995;153(6):2039–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dewan P, et al. Migration of particulate silicone after ureteric injection with silicone. BJU Int. 2000;85(4)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dolwick MF, Aufdemorte TB. Silicone-induced foreign body reaction and lymphadenopathy after temporomandibular joint arthroplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59(5):449–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hatanaka S, et al. Induction of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in female Fisher rats by implantation of cyanoacrylate, zirconia, polyvinyl chloride or silicone. In Vivo (Athens, Greece). 1993;7(2):111–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Coleman SR. Injectable silicone returns to the United States. Aesthet Surg J. 2001;21(6):576–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Moon SH, et al. Comparative study of the effectiveness and safety of porcine and bovine atelocollagen in Asian nasolabial fold correction. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2015;49(3):147–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pollack SV. Some new injectable dermal filler materials: hylaform, restylane, and artecoll. J Cutan Med Surg. 1999;3(4_suppl):S4-27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Downie J, et al. A double-blind, clinical evaluation of facial augmentation treatments: a comparison of PRI 1, PRI 2, Zyplast and Perlane. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(12):1636–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of porcine collagen filler for nasolabial fold correction in Asians: a prospective multicenter, 12 months follow-up study. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(Suppl 3):S217–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Owens JM. Soft tissue implants and fillers. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2005;38(2):361–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Saray A. Porcine dermal collagen (permacol) for facial contour augmentation: preliminary report. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2003;27(5):368–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. De Boulle K, et al. Lip augmentation and contour correction with a ribose cross-linked collagen dermal filler. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(3 Suppl):1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Braun M, Braun S. Nodule formation following lip augmentation using porcine collagen-derived filler. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(6):579–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cassuto D. The use of dermicol-P35 dermal filler for nonsurgical rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Surg J. 2009;29(3_Suppl):S22–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sánchez-Carpintero I, Candelas D, Ruiz-Rodríguez R. Dermal fillers: types, indications, and complications. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition). 2010;101(5):381–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Johl SS, Burgett RA. Dermal filler agents: a practical review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(5):471–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Vaishya R, Chauhan M, Vaish A. Bone cement. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2013;4(4):157–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Zafar MS. prosthodontic applications of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): an update. Polymers. 2020;12(10):2299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Lemperle G, Gauthier-Hazan N, Lemperle M. PMMA-Microspheres (Artecoll) for long-lasting correction of wrinkles: refinements and statistical results. Aesthet Plast Surg. 1998;22(5):356–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee YB, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel injectable filler in the treatment of nasolabial folds: polymethylmethacrylate and cross-linked dextran in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014;16(4):185–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lemperle G, Romano JJ, Busso M. Soft tissue augmentation with artecoll: 10-year history, indications, techniques, and complications. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(6):573–87. discussion 587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim KJ, et al. Artecoll granuloma: a rare adverse reaction induced by microimplant in the treatment of neck wrinkles. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4):545–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Requena C, et al. Adverse reactions to injectable aesthetic microimplants. Am J Dermatopathol. 2001;23(3):197–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Christensen L, et al. Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue permanent fillers. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2005;29(1):34–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Branco de Castro AC, et al. Extensive facial necrosis after infiltration of polymethylmethacrylate. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;73(6):850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Silva MTT, Curi AL. Blindness and total ophthalmoplegia after aesthetic polymethylmethacrylate injection: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004;62(3B):873–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Salles AG, et al. Complications after polymethylmethacrylate injections: report of 32 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5):1811–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Friedmann DP, Kurian A, Fitzpatrick RE. Delayed granulomatous reactions to facial cosmetic injections of polymethylmethacrylate microspheres and liquid injectable silicone: a case series. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2016;18(3):170–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Haneke E. Polymethyl methacrylate microspheres in collagen. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2004;23(4):227–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Manfro AG, et al. Case reports of hypercalcemia and chronic renal disease due to cosmetic injections of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). J Bras Nefrol. 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tachamo N, et al. Hypercalcemia associated with cosmetic injections: a systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(4):425–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Goldman A, Staub H, Wollina U. Hypercalcemia due to polymethylmethacrylate injections? (Literature review and case reports). Georgian Med News. 2018;282:17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jacovella PF. Use of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial augmentation. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(1):161–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Flaharty P. Radiance. Facial Plast Surg. 2004;20(2):165–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Emer J, Sundaram H. Aesthetic applications of calcium hydroxylapatite volumizing filler: an evidence-based review and discussion of current concepts: (part 1 of 2). J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(12):1345–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jansen DA, Graivier MH. Evaluation of a calcium hydroxylapatite-based implant (Radiesse) for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3S):22S–30S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Marmur ES, Phelps R, Goldberg DJ. Clinical, histologic and electron microscopic findings after injection of a calcium hydroxylapatite filler. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2004;6(4):223–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zerbinati N, et al. Microscopic and ultrastructural evidences in human skin following calcium hydroxylapatite filler treatment. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309(5):389–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Mayer R, Lightfoot M, Jung I. Preliminary evaluation of calcium hydroxylapatite as a transurethral bulking agent for stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 2001;57(3):434–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stein J, et al. Histopathologic study of alternative substances for vocal fold medialization. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109(2):221–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bass LS, et al. Calcium hydroxylapatite (radiesse) for treatment of nasolabial folds: long-term safety and efficacy results. Aesthet Surg J. 2010;30(2):235–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Goldberg DJ, Amin S, Hussain M. Acne scar correction using calcium hydroxylapatite in a carrier-based gel. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2006;8(3):134–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shumaker PR, et al. Calcium hydroxylapatite tissue filler discovered 6 years after implantation into the nasolabial fold: case report and review. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(s1):375–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tzikas TL. A 52-month summary of results using calcium hydroxylapatite for facial soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(Suppl 1):S9–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sadick NS, Katz BE, Roy D. A multicenter, 47-month study of safety and efficacy of calcium hydroxylapatite for soft tissue augmentation of nasolabial folds and other areas of the face. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(Suppl 2):S122–6. discussion S126–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kanchwala SK, Holloway L, Bucky LP. Reliable soft tissue augmentation: a clinical comparison of injectable soft-tissue fillers for facial-volume augmentation. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55(1):30–5. discussion 35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sung MS, et al. Ocular ischemia and ischemic oculomotor nerve palsy after vascular embolization of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite filler. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26(4):289–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Glass LRD, Choi CJ, Lee NG. Orbital complication following calcium hydroxylapatite filler injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(3S):S16–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Carruthers A, et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic studies of calcium hydroxylapatite for treatment of HIV–associated facial lipoatrophy and correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(s1):S78–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Feeney JN, Fox JJ, Akhurst T. Radiological impact of the use of calcium hydroxylapatite dermal fillers. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(9):897–902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Middleton JC, Tipton AJ. Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices. Biomaterials. 2000;21(23):2335–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Barrows T. Degradable implant materials: a review of synthetic absorbable polymers and their applications. Clin Mater. 1986;1(4):233–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Gunatillake PA, Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur Cell Mater. 2003;5(1):1–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rotunda AM, Narins RS. Poly-L-lactic acid: a new dimension in soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19(3):151–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lowe N. Dispelling the myth: appropriate use of poly-l-lactic acid and clinical considerations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:2–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lombardi T, et al. Orofacial granulomas after injection of cosmetic fillers. Histopathologic and clinical study of 11 cases. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33(2):115–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Burgess CM, Quiroga RM. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of poly-L-lactic acid for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2):233–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Vert M, Li S, Garreau H. Attempts to map the structure and degradation characteristics of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic and glycolic acids. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 1995;6(7):639–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Brady JM, et al. Resorption rate, route of elimination, and ultrastructure of the implant site of polylactic acid in the abdominal wall of the rat. J Biomed Mater Res. 1973;7(2):155–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pietrzak WS, Sarver DR, Verstynen ML. Bioabsorbable polymer science for the practicing surgeon. J Craniofac Surg. 1997;8(2):87–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cutright DE, Hunsuck EE. Tissue reaction to the biodegradable polylactic acid suture. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31(1):134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moyle G, et al. A randomized open-label study of immediate versus delayed polylactic acid injections for the cosmetic management of facial lipoatrophy in persons with HIV infection. HIV Med. 2004;5(2):82–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Humble G, Mest D. Soft tissue augmentation using sculptra. Facial Plast Surg. 2004;20(2):157–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mest D. Experience with injectable poly-L-lactic acid in clinical practice. Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;18(2):S2.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Valantin M-A, et al. Polylactic acid implants (New-Fill)® to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients: results of the open-label study VEGA. AIDS. 2003;17(17):2471–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Vleggaar D. Soft-tissue augmentation and the role of poly-L-lactic acid. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3 Suppl):46s–54s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sadick NS. Poly-l-lactic acid: a perspective from my practice. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008;7(1):55–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Schierle CF, Casas LA. Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the aging face with injectable poly-L-lactic acid for restoration of soft tissue volume. Aesthet Surg J. 2011;31(1):95–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Narins RS. Minimizing adverse events associated with poly-l-lactic acid injection. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(s1):S100–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Engelhard P, Humble G, Mest D. Safety of Sculptra: a review of clinical trial data. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2005;7(3–4):201–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lam SM, Azizzadeh B, Graivier M. Injectable poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra): technical considerations in soft-tissue contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3 Suppl):55s–63s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Beljaards RC, de Roos KP, Bruins FG. NewFill for skin augmentation: a new filler or failure? Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7):772–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Roberts SAI, Arthurs BP. Severe visual loss and orbital infarction following periorbital aesthetic poly-(L)-lactic acid (PLLA) injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012;28(3).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Christen M-O, Vercesi F. Polycaprolactone: How a well-known and futuristic polymer has become an innovative collagen-stimulator in esthetics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW. The return of a forgotten polymer—polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog Polym Sci. 2010;35(10):1217–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Abedalwafa M, et al. Biodegradable poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) for tissue engineering applications: a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2013;34(2):123–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zopf DA, et al. Treatment of severe porcine tracheomalacia with a 3-dimensionally printed, bioresorbable, external airway splint. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(1):66–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim JA, Van Abel D. Neocollagenesis in human tissue injected with a polycaprolactone-based dermal filler. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2015;17(2):99–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Kim JS. Changes in dermal thickness in biopsy study of histologic findings after a single injection of polycaprolactone-based filler into the dermis. Aesthet Surg J. 2019;39(12):Np484–np494.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Lin SL, Christen MO. Polycaprolactone-based dermal filler complications: a retrospective study of 1111 treatments. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(8):1907–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Woodward SC, et al. The intracellular degradation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone). J Biomed Mater Res. 1985;19(4):437–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Heimowska A, Morawska M, Bocho-Janiszewska A. Biodegradation of poly (ε-caprolactone) in natural water environments. Pol J Chem Technol. 2017;19(1):120–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Figueiredo VM. A five-patient prospective pilot study of a polycaprolactone based dermal filler for hand rejuvenation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2013;12(1):73–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Moers-Carpi MM, Sherwood S. Polycaprolactone for the correction of nasolabial folds: a 24-month, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(3 Pt 1):457–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Bae B, et al. Safety and long-term efficacy of forehead contouring with a polycaprolactone-based dermal filler. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(11):1256–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. de Melo F, et al. Recommendations for volume augmentation and rejuvenation of the face and hands with the new generation polycaprolactone-based collagen stimulator (Ellansé(®)). Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:431–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Lowe NJ, Ghanem AM. Volume restoration of hands with polycaprolactone by cannula delivery; a prospective single center consecutive case series evaluation. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2020;22(2):55–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Galadari H, et al. A randomized, prospective, blinded, split-face, single-center study comparing polycaprolactone to hyaluronic acid for treatment of nasolabial folds. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(1):27–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Skrzypek E, et al. Granuloma as a complication of polycaprolactone-based dermal filler injection: ultrasound and histopathology studies. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2019;21(2):65–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Or L, et al. Xanthelasma-like reaction to filler injection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017;33(4).

    Google Scholar 

  100. Moon SY, et al. Foreign body reaction three years after injection with polycaprolactone (Ellanse®). Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(5):549–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Tezel A, Fredrickson GH. The science of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2008;10(1):35–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kablik J, et al. Comparative physical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35:302–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Gold MH. Use of hyaluronic acid fillers for the treatment of the aging face. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2(3):369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Almond A. Hyaluronan. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007;64(13):1591–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Monheit GD, Prather CL. Juvéderm: a hyaluronic acid dermal filler. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(11):1091.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ave MN, de Almeida Issa MC, Issa M, Tamura B. Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler: Physical Properties and Its Indications. Botulinum Toxins, Fillers and Related Substances. Clinical Approaches and Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology. 2018;4:187–97.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Sundaram H, Michaels J. Rheological evaluation of the physical properties of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(9):974–80.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sundaram H, Fagien S. Cohesive polydensified matrix hyaluronic acid for fine lines. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:149S–63S.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Sundaram H, Rohrich RJ, Liew S, Sattler G, Talarico S, Trévidic P, Molliard SG. Cohesivity of hyaluronic acid fillers: development and clinical implications of a novel assay, pilot validation with a five-point grading scale, and evaluation of six U.S. food and drug administration-approved fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:678–86.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Choi MS. Basic rheology of dermal filler. Arch Plast Surg. 2020;47(4):301–4. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2020.00731.

  111. Sundaram H, Voigts B, Beer K, Meland M. Comparison of the rheological properties of viscosity and elasticity in two categories of soft tissue fillers: calcium hydroxylapatite and hyaluronic acid. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36:1859–65.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. King’s College London, London, UK

    Souphiyeh Samizadeh

  2. University College London, London, UK

    Souphiyeh Samizadeh & Sorousheh Samizadeh

  3. Great British Academy of Aesthetic Medicine, London, UK

    Souphiyeh Samizadeh

Authors
  1. Souphiyeh Samizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sorousheh Samizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Souphiyeh Samizadeh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, UK

    Souphiyeh Samizadeh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Samizadeh, S., Samizadeh, S. (2022). Dermal Fillers: Understanding the Fundamentals. In: Samizadeh, S. (eds) Non-Surgical Rejuvenation of Asian Faces. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84099-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84099-0_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84098-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84099-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation