Skip to main content

Alternate Realities, Alternate Internets: African Feminist Research for a Feminist Internet

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

For the past decade, internet connectivity has been praised for its potential to close the gender gap across Africa. However, despite the benefits afforded by the internet, online spaces are proving to be the embodiment of existing systems of oppression and violence. In order to understand experiences of African women in online spaces, this violence must be viewed on a continuum rather than as isolated incidents removed from existing structural frameworks. Discriminatory gendered practices are shaped by social, economic, cultural and political structures in the physical world and are similarly reproduced online across digital platforms. In this paper, we discuss the online lived experiences of women living in five sub-Saharan African countries to illustrate that repeated negative encounters fundamentally impact how women navigate and utilize the internet. This in turn, strengthens the argument for a radical shift in developing alternate digital networks grounded in Afrofuturism, feminist methodologies and decolonial practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • African Charter on Human and People’s Rights. (1981). Article 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International. (2018a). #TOXICTWITTER: Violence and abuse against women online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International. (2018b). Women abused on Twitter every 30 seconds—New study.

    Google Scholar 

  • Association for Progressive Communications. (2015). From impunity to justice: Exploring corporate and legal remedies for technology-related violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, Z. A. (2013). Due diligence framework: State accountability framework for eliminating violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsamo, A. (2011). Designing Culture: the Technological Imagination at Work. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, J., Etlinger, S., Keyes, O., Leonard, A., & Rankin, J. (2020). Gender bias in technology: How far have we come and what comes next?

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheney-Lippold, J. (2011). A new algorithmic identity: Soft biopolitics and the modulation of control. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(6), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411424420

  • Chun, W. (2006). Control and freedom: Power and freedom in the age of fiber optics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J. (2009). Rethinking cyberfeminism(s): Race, gender, and embodiment. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 37(1–2), 101–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elia, A. (2015). The languages of afrofuturism. Lingue e Linguaggi, 12, 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1285/i22390359v12p83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • eNCA. (2019). Cyberbullied teen commits suicide.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Women’s Lobby. (2017). #HerNetHerRights: Mapping the state of online violence against women and girls in Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fascendini, F., & Fialová, K. (2011). Voices from digital spaces: Technology-related violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, E., & Martineau-Searle, L. (2018). Nature and prevalence of cyber violence against women and girls.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golf-Papez, M., & Veer, E. (2017). Don’t feed the trolling: Rethinking how online trolling is being defined and combated. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(15–16), 1336–1354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinson, L., Mueller, J., O’Brien-Milne, L., & Wandera, N. (2018). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence: What is it, and how do we measure it?

    Google Scholar 

  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1996). Article 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalemera, A. (2019). Building digital literacy and security capacity of women refugees in Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamran, H. (2019). A study of online violence against women journalists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kee, J. S. (2006). Cultivating violence through technology? Exploring the connections between information communication technologies (ICT) and violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemigisha, E., & Kwikiriza, S. (2021). The trends and impact of technology assisted violence among Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer (LBQ) Womxn and Female Sex workers (FSW) in Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R., Rowe, M., & Wiper, C. (2017). Online abuse of feminists as an emerging form of violence against women and girls. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(6), 1462–1481. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nwaodike, C., & Naidoo, N. (2020). Fighting violence against women online. A Comparative Analysis of Legal Frameworks in Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okorafor, N. (2018). “Mother of Invention” A new short story by the author of Marvel’s Black Panther: Long Live the King.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saferspaces. (2020). Gender-based violence in South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanfilippo, M. R., Yang, S., & Fichman, P. (2017). Managing online trolling: From deviant to social and political trolls.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, D. (2015). Cyberbullying in South African and American schools: A legal comparative study. South African Journal of Education. South African Journal of Education, 35(2), 01–11. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v35n2a1076

  • Sobieraj, S. (2018). Bitch, slut, skank, cunt: patterned resistance to women’s visibility in digital publics. Information, Communication & Society, 21(11), 1700–1714. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, G. (2014). Ugandan official wants to arrest victim of revenge porn: ‘She should be locked up and isolated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamale, S. (2020). Decolonization and Afro-feminism (1st ed.). Daraja Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau (WLB). (2015). End violence: Women’s rights and safety online: From impunity to justice: Domestic legal remedies for cases of technology-related violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uganda Bureau of Statistics and ICF. (2017). Uganda demographic health survey 2016: Key indicators report.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF France. (2014). Ecoutons ce que les enfants ont à nous dire, Consultation nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unwanted Witness. (n.d.). One year on, what has Uganda’s data protection law changed?

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagacha, W. (2019). Access to information as a driver towards closing of the gender equality gap: the emerging scene in Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Web Foundation. (2015). Womens rights online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau, Inc. (2015). From impunity to justice: Domestic legal reminders for cases of technology related violence against women.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodlock, D. (2016). The abuse of technology in domestic violence and stalking. Violence Against Women, 23(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216646277

  • Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J., & Lachman, P. (2010). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1063–1077.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research study was made possible with funding from Internews, and the Association of Progressive Communication “Feminist Internet Research Network” project, supported by the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of IDRC or its Board of Governors. I would also like to thank my research team, Bonnita Nyamwire and Sandra Nabulega, as well as all the women who graciously gave us their time and shared their experiences with us.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neema Iyer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Iyer, N. (2021). Alternate Realities, Alternate Internets: African Feminist Research for a Feminist Internet. In: Powell, A., Flynn, A., Sugiura, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Violence and Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83733-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83734-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics