Abstract
The purpose of the chapter is using machine learning techniques (namely Self-Organizing Maps) to catch the emergence of clusters among Italian regions that can eventually contribute to explain the different behaviour of the pandemic within the same country. To do this, we have considered demographic, healthcare, and political data at regional level and we have tried going to the root of interactions among them. In this way, we obtained a model of the relations among variables with good explanatory capabilities, a kind of early-warning system which we hope could be helpful to address further intervention in the battle against COVID-19 pandemic.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J.-H. Tian, Y.Y. Pei, M.-L. Yuan et al., A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579, 265–269 (2020)
C. Sohrabi, Z. Alsafi, N. O’Neill, M. Khan, A. Kerwan, A. Al–Jabir, R. Agha, World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID–19). Int. J. Surg 76, 71–76 (2020)
B.S. Santos, I. Silva, M.D.C. Ribeiro–Dantas, G. Alves, P.T. Endo, L. Lima, COVID–19: A scholarly production dataset report for research analysis. Data Brief. 32, 106178 (2020). 10.1016
S. Uhlig, K. Nichani, C. Uhlig, K. Simon, Modeling Projections for COVID–19 Pandemic by Combining Epidemiological, Statistical and Neural Network Approaches. medRxiv preprint (2020). https://doi.org/10.1101(2020.04.17.20059535
T.D. Pham, A comprehensive study on classification of COVID–19 on computed tomography with pretrained convolutional neural networks. Sci. Rep. 10, 16942 (2020)
S.A. Sarkodie, P.A. Owusu, Investigating the cases of novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID–19) in China using dynamic statistical techniques. Heliyon 6(4), e03747 (2020)
L. Zhong, L. Mu, J. Li, J. Wang, Z. Yin, D. Liu, Early prediction of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in the mainland China based on simple mathematical model. IEEE Access (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979599
H.R. Niazkar, M. Niazkar, Application of artificial neural networks to predict the COVID-19 outbreak. Glob. Health Res. Policy 5, 50 (2020). 10.1186
A. Kapoor, X. Ben, L. Liu, B. Perozzi, M. Barnes, M. Blais, S. O’Banion Examining COVID–19 Forecasting using Spatio–Temporal Graph Neural Networks (2020). arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.03113
P. Melin, J.C. Monica, D. Sanchez, et al., A new prediction approach of the COVID-19 virus pandemic behavior with a hybrid ensemble modular nonlinear autoregressive neural network. Soft. Comput. (2020) 10.1007
M. Hawas, Generated time-series prediction data of COVID–19’s daily infections in Brazil by using recurrent neural networks. Data Brief 32, 106175 (2020)
R. Pal, A.A. Sekh, S. Kar, D.K. Prasad, Neural network based countrywise risk prediction of COVID–19. Appl. Sci. 10, 6448 (2020). 10.3390
S.K. Tamang, P.D. Singh, B. Datta, Forecasting of Covid–19 cases based on prediction using artificial neural network curve fitting technique. GJESM 6, 53–64 (2020)
A.S.R.S. Rao, J.A. Vazquez, Identification of COVID–19 can be quicker through artificial intelligence framework using a mobile phone-based survey in the populations when Cities/Towns are under quarantine. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.61
M.N. Kamel Boulos, E.M. Geraghty, Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID–19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV–2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int. J. Health Geogr. 19, 8 (2020)
B.R. Beck, B. Shin, Y. Choi, S. Park, K. Kang, Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug–target interaction deep learning model. Comp. Struc. Biotech. J. 18, 784–790 (2020)
A. Khan, J.L. Shah, M.M. Bhat, CoroNet: a deep neural network for detection and diagnosis of COVID–19 from chest x–ray images. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 196, 105581 (2020)
H. Mukherjee, S. Ghosh, A. Dhar, S.M. Obaidullah, K.C. Santosh, K. Roy, Deep neural network to detect COVID–19: one architecture for both CT scans and chest X-rays. Appl. Intell. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01943-6
H. Hirano, K. Koga, K. Takemoto, Vulnerability of deep neural networks for detecting COVID–19 cases from chest X–ray images to universal adversarial attacks. PLoS One (2020). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243963
Gao P, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang J (2020) Visualising the expansion and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 by cartograms. Environ. Plann. A. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518-20910162
P. Melin, J.C. Monica, D. Sanchez, O. Castillo, Analysis of Spatial Spread Relationships of Coronavirus (COVID–19) Pandemic in the World using Self Organizing Maps. Chaos, Solitons Fractals, vol. 138 (2020), p. 109917
A. Ilardi, S. Chieffi, A. Iavarone, C.R. Ilardi, SARS–CoV–2 in Italy: population density correlates with morbidity and mortality. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 22; 74(1), 61–64 (2021)
Obesity Worsens Outcomes from COVID-19 (2020) CDC report. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/obesity-and-covid-19.html
T. Kohonen, Self–organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol. Cybern. 43, 59–69 (1982)
T. Kohonen, Self–Organized Maps (Springer, Berlin, 1997)
D.J. Willshaw, C. von der Malsburg, How patterned neural connections can be set up by self–organization. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 194, 431–445 (1976)
D.J. Willshaw, C. von der Malsburg, A marker induction mechanism for the establishmentof ordered neural mappings: its application to the retinotectal problem. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 287, 203–243 (1979)
P. Hanafizadeh, M. Mirzazadeh, Visualizing market segmentation using self–organizing maps and Fuzzy Delphi method—ADSL market of a telecommunication company. Expert Syst. Appl. 38(1), 198–205 (2011)
J.B. MacQueen, Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium Math Statistics and Prob. University of California Press (1967), pp. 281—297
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Resta, M. (2022). Pandemic Spreading in Italy and Regional Policies: An Approach with Self-organizing Maps. In: Lim, CP., Chen, YW., Vaidya, A., Mahorkar, C., Jain, L.C. (eds) Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 212. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83620-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83620-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83619-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83620-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)