Skip to main content

Pandemic Spreading in Italy and Regional Policies: An Approach with Self-organizing Maps

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 212))

  • 1600 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of the chapter is using machine learning techniques (namely Self-Organizing Maps) to catch the emergence of clusters among Italian regions that can eventually contribute to explain the different behaviour of the pandemic within the same country. To do this, we have considered demographic, healthcare, and political data at regional level and we have tried going to the root of interactions among them. In this way, we obtained a model of the relations among variables with good explanatory capabilities, a kind of early-warning system which we hope could be helpful to address further intervention in the battle against COVID-19 pandemic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. J.-H. Tian, Y.Y. Pei, M.-L. Yuan et al., A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579, 265–269 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. C. Sohrabi, Z. Alsafi, N. O’Neill, M. Khan, A. Kerwan, A. Al–Jabir, R. Agha, World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID–19). Int. J. Surg 76, 71–76 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. B.S. Santos, I. Silva, M.D.C. Ribeiro–Dantas, G. Alves, P.T. Endo, L. Lima, COVID–19: A scholarly production dataset report for research analysis. Data Brief. 32, 106178 (2020). 10.1016

    Google Scholar 

  4. S. Uhlig, K. Nichani, C. Uhlig, K. Simon, Modeling Projections for COVID–19 Pandemic by Combining Epidemiological, Statistical and Neural Network Approaches. medRxiv preprint (2020). https://doi.org/10.1101(2020.04.17.20059535

    Google Scholar 

  5. T.D. Pham, A comprehensive study on classification of COVID–19 on computed tomography with pretrained convolutional neural networks. Sci. Rep. 10, 16942 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. S.A. Sarkodie, P.A. Owusu, Investigating the cases of novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID–19) in China using dynamic statistical techniques. Heliyon 6(4), e03747 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  7. L. Zhong, L. Mu, J. Li, J. Wang, Z. Yin, D. Liu, Early prediction of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in the mainland China based on simple mathematical model. IEEE Access (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2979599

  8. H.R. Niazkar, M. Niazkar, Application of artificial neural networks to predict the COVID-19 outbreak. Glob. Health Res. Policy 5, 50 (2020). 10.1186

    Google Scholar 

  9. A. Kapoor, X. Ben, L. Liu, B. Perozzi, M. Barnes, M. Blais, S. O’Banion Examining COVID–19 Forecasting using Spatio–Temporal Graph Neural Networks (2020). arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.03113

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. Melin, J.C. Monica, D. Sanchez, et al., A new prediction approach of the COVID-19 virus pandemic behavior with a hybrid ensemble modular nonlinear autoregressive neural network. Soft. Comput. (2020) 10.1007

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. Hawas, Generated time-series prediction data of COVID–19’s daily infections in Brazil by using recurrent neural networks. Data Brief 32, 106175 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. Pal, A.A. Sekh, S. Kar, D.K. Prasad, Neural network based countrywise risk prediction of COVID–19. Appl. Sci. 10, 6448 (2020). 10.3390

    Google Scholar 

  13. S.K. Tamang, P.D. Singh, B. Datta, Forecasting of Covid–19 cases based on prediction using artificial neural network curve fitting technique. GJESM 6, 53–64 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  14. A.S.R.S. Rao, J.A. Vazquez, Identification of COVID–19 can be quicker through artificial intelligence framework using a mobile phone-based survey in the populations when Cities/Towns are under quarantine. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.61

  15. M.N. Kamel Boulos, E.M. Geraghty, Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID–19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV–2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int. J. Health Geogr. 19, 8 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. B.R. Beck, B. Shin, Y. Choi, S. Park, K. Kang, Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug–target interaction deep learning model. Comp. Struc. Biotech. J. 18, 784–790 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Khan, J.L. Shah, M.M. Bhat, CoroNet: a deep neural network for detection and diagnosis of COVID–19 from chest x–ray images. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 196, 105581 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  18. H. Mukherjee, S. Ghosh, A. Dhar, S.M. Obaidullah, K.C. Santosh, K. Roy, Deep neural network to detect COVID–19: one architecture for both CT scans and chest X-rays. Appl. Intell. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01943-6

  19. H. Hirano, K. Koga, K. Takemoto, Vulnerability of deep neural networks for detecting COVID–19 cases from chest X–ray images to universal adversarial attacks. PLoS One (2020). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243963

  20. Gao P, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang J (2020) Visualising the expansion and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 by cartograms. Environ. Plann. A. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518-20910162

  21. P. Melin, J.C. Monica, D. Sanchez, O. Castillo, Analysis of Spatial Spread Relationships of Coronavirus (COVID–19) Pandemic in the World using Self Organizing Maps. Chaos, Solitons Fractals, vol. 138 (2020), p. 109917

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. Ilardi, S. Chieffi, A. Iavarone, C.R. Ilardi, SARS–CoV–2 in Italy: population density correlates with morbidity and mortality. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 22; 74(1), 61–64 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Obesity Worsens Outcomes from COVID-19 (2020) CDC report. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/obesity-and-covid-19.html

  24. T. Kohonen, Self–organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol. Cybern. 43, 59–69 (1982)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Kohonen, Self–Organized Maps (Springer, Berlin, 1997)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. D.J. Willshaw, C. von der Malsburg, How patterned neural connections can be set up by self–organization. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 194, 431–445 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. D.J. Willshaw, C. von der Malsburg, A marker induction mechanism for the establishmentof ordered neural mappings: its application to the retinotectal problem. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 287, 203–243 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. P. Hanafizadeh, M. Mirzazadeh, Visualizing market segmentation using self–organizing maps and Fuzzy Delphi method—ADSL market of a telecommunication company. Expert Syst. Appl. 38(1), 198–205 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J.B. MacQueen, Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium Math Statistics and Prob. University of California Press (1967), pp. 281—297

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marina Resta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Resta, M. (2022). Pandemic Spreading in Italy and Regional Policies: An Approach with Self-organizing Maps. In: Lim, CP., Chen, YW., Vaidya, A., Mahorkar, C., Jain, L.C. (eds) Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 212. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83620-7_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics