Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has more than tripled in the previous 20 years and it is predicted that one in two people could be obese by 2030. Traditional advice focussing on counting calories and consuming a low fat diet has done nothing to curb the rise in obesity rates. This chapter presents a case for embracing a real food diet by omitting ultra-processed foods, only consuming carbs to tolerance and reducing the frequency of eating. This may conflict with some conventional messages but acknowledging that obesity is a hormonal condition and understanding how these dietary changes will influence levels of key hormones involved in weight management is necessary to address the obesity pandemic. Sustained weight loss can only occur in individuals who are able to reduce lipogenesis and whose hormones facilitate lipolysis.
“You don't drown by falling in water. You drown by staying there”—Anonymous
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1059–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8.
Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-1239.
Cameron JD, Goldfield GS, Riou M-È, et al. Energy depletion by diet or aerobic exercise alone: impact of energy deficit modality on appetite parameters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016; https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.115584.
Chiu S, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, et al. Effect of fructose on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014;68(4):416-423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.8 [published Online First: 2014/02/27]
Choi SM, Tucker DF, Gross DN, et al. Insulin regulates adipocyte lipolysis via an akt-independent signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2010;30(21):5009–20. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00797-10.
Davis CS, Clarke RE, Coulter SN, et al. Intermittent energy restriction and weight loss: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(3):292–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.195.
Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2017;390(10107):2050–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32252-3.
Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 2015;31(1):1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011 [published Online First: 2014/10/08]
Forouhi NG, Koulman A, Sharp SJ, et al. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(10):810–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70146-9.
Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity 2016:n/a-n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538
Gao D, Ning N, Wang C, et al. Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073965.
Georgoulis M, Kontogianni MD, Tileli N, et al. The impact of cereal grain consumption on the development and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(8):1727–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0679-y.
Grasgruber P, Sebera M, Hrazdira E, et al. Food consumption and the actual statistics of cardiovascular diseases: an epidemiological comparison of 42 European countries. 2016;60 https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.31694.
Hankey C, Klukowska D, Lean M. A systematic review of the literature on intermittent fasting for weight management. FASEB J. 2015;29(1 Supplement) https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.117.4.
Harcombe Z, Baker JS, DiNicolantonio JJ, et al. Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016:3(2). https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2016-000409.
Henry RR, Gumbiner B, Ditzler T, et al. Intensive conventional insulin therapy for type ii diabetes: metabolic effects during a 6-mo outpatient trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(1):21–31. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.16.1.21.
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). In: Academies IoMotN. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2005.
Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, et al. Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019.
Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, et al. Meal frequency and timing are associated with changes in body mass index in adventist health study 2. J Nutr 2017 doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244749 [published Online First: 2017/07/14]
Kersten S. Mechanisms of nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. EMBO Rep. 2001;2(4):282–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kve071.
Khaw K-T, Sharp SJ, Finikarides L, et al. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ Open. 2018:8(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020167.
Layman D. Dietary guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009;6:12.
Ludwig DS, Ebbeling CB. The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2933.
Malhotra A, Noakes T, Phinney S. It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity and obesity: you cannot outrun a bad diet. Br J Sports Med 2015;pii:bjsports-2015-094911. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094911. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094911
OECD. Health at a glance. 2017.
Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak SF, et al. N-6 fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(11):1586–600. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510004010.
SACN. The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition report on the DRVs for energy. https://www.gov.uk/govuk/government/publications/sacn-dietary-reference-values-for-energy, 2011
Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, et al. Glycemic Index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:348–56.
Sevastianova K, Santos A, Kotronen A, et al. Effect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver fat in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(4):727–34. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.038695.
Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, et al. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab 2018 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 [published Online First: 2018/05/15]
Taubes G. The science of obesity: what do we really know about what makes us fat? An essay by Gary Taubes. BMJ 2013;346:f1050. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1050 [published Online First: 2013/04/19]
Thomas DEE. Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(1):CD006296.
Volek JS, Volk BM, Phinney SD. The twisted tale of saturated fat. Lipid Technol. 2012;24(5):106–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201200189.
Volk BM, Kunces LJ, Freidenreich DJ, et al. Effects of step-wise increases in dietary carbohydrate on circulating saturated fatty acids and palmitoleic acid in adults with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113605.
Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, et al. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. The Lancet. 2011;378(9793):815–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60814-3.
Webster CC, Noakes TD, Chacko SK, et al. Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet. J Physiol. 2016;594(15):4389–405. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271934.
Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:41–8.
Willett WC, Ascherio A. Trans fatty acids: are the effects only marginal? Am J Public Health. 1994;84(5):722–4.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Deakin, T. (2022). Dietary Impact on the Prevention and Management of Obesity. In: Haslam, D., Malhotra, A., Capehorn, M.S. (eds) Bariatric Surgery in Clinical Practice. In Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83399-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83399-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83398-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83399-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)