Abstract
This chapter is based on a qualitative survey, including 3 focus groups, 3 co-construction meetings and 25 semi-structured interviews with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and technology experts. This allows us to report on the dynamics of key actors in the AI business ecosystem and their contribution in supporting various forms of AI solution integration and digital transformation in general. Following a thematic analysis of our interviews, we present the results of our qualitative analysis of the needs of AI project managers that technology service providers can meet in order to help companies to make their digital shift. Indeed, some companies and industries are having difficulty with starting to modernise their facilities, especially in the manufacturing sector; many are wary of technological changes and are worried about data protection, amongst other preoccupations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
“AI is not represented because in 2016, we did not yet talk much about AI” (Org1).
- 2.
Refer to the document: “Roadmap for Digital Maturity & Industry 4.0”. Government of Quebec (PAEN, 2016a, p. 17).
References
Accenture. (2018). Artificial intelligence, genuine impact. Public services in the era of artificial intelligence. Accenture Consulting, 12 p. Accessed May 10, 2020. https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/pdf-75/accenture-ai-genuine-impact-pov-final-us.pdf
Barbaroux, P. (2014). Innovation disruptive et naissance d’un écosystème: Voyage aux origines de l’internet. Revue d’économie industrielle, 146, 27–59.
Bonollo, N., & Poopuu, P. (2019, may). The impact of digital platforms on roles and responsibilities in value creation among stakeholders of an ecosystem (Master thesis, Jönköping University, International Business School). Accessed April 10, 2021. http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1321065/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Boutillier, S., & Uzunidis, D. (2010). Innovation et proximité entreprises, entrepreneurs et milieux innovateurs (Innovation and proximity entreprises, entrepreneurs and innovative milieus) (No. 10). Research Network on Innovation, 22 p.
Brydges, T., & Pugh, R. (2021). Coming into fashion: Expanding the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept to the creative industries through a Toronto case study. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 1–22.
CDC. (2019). Canada’s digital charter in action: A plan by Canadians, for Canadians. Report of Government of Canada, Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, 1–22. Accessed February 20, 2021. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/062.nsf/vwapj/Digitalcharter_Report_EN.pdf/$file/Digitalcharter_Report_EN.pdf
CDGSC [Canadian Data Governance Standardization Collaborative]. (2019, November 26). Canadian data governance standardization collaborative. Standards Council of Canada. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.scc.ca/fr/programmes-phares/gouvernance-des-donnees
CEFRIO. (2016). Prendre part à la révolution manufacturière ? - Du rattrapage technologique à l’industrie 4.0 chez les PME. Rapport technique, 31 p.
Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation. Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm, 400, 0–19.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (Eds.). (2006). Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford University Press on Demand.
CIFAR. (n.d.). About CIFAR. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://cifar.ca/our-story/
Cooper, H. M. (1984). The integrative research review: A systematic approach. Applied social research methods series. Sage.
Cooper, H. M. (1988). Organizing knowledge syntheses: A taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in Society, 1(1), 104–126.
Dilhac, M.-A., et al. (2018). The Montreal declaration for a responsible development of artificial intelligence. Montreal, QC.
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., Duan, Y., Dwivedi, R., Edwards, J., Eirug, A., Vassilis Galanos, P., Ilavarasan, V., Janssen, M., Jones, P., Kar, A. K., Kizgin, H., Kronemann, B., Lal, B., Lucini, B., … Williams, M. D. (2019). Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57(101994), 1–47.
Esty, M., & Winston, E. (2009). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Management Review, 5(2), 45–56.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Pitman.
Freeman, R. E. (1999). Divergent stakeholder theory. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 233–236.
Freeman, R. E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 409–421.
Gossain, S.‚ & Kandiah, G. (1998). Reinventing value: The new business ecosystem. Strategy & Leadership‚ 26(5) Chicago, (Nov/Dec 1998): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054622
Kiron, D. (2017). What managers need to know about artificial intelligence. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Kitchenham, B. (2004). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele, UK, Keele University, 33(2004), 1–26.
Leone, D., Schiavone, F., Appio, F. P., & Chiao, B. (2021). How does artificial intelligence enable and enhance value co-creation in industrial markets? An exploratory case study in the healthcare ecosystem. Journal of Business Research, 129, 849–859.
Lu, C., Rong, K., You, J., & Shi, Y. (2014). Business ecosystems and stakeholders’ role transformation: Evidence from Chinese emerging electric vehicle industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(10), 4579–4595.
Mace, G., & Pétry, F. (2010). Guide d'élaboration d'un projet de recherche en sciences sociales. De Boeck Supérieur.
Mantha, Y., Yune, Y. J., Henderson, P., & Lin, W.-W. (2019). 2019 Canadian AI ecosystem. Jfgagn. Accessed February 7, 2021. https://jfgagne.ai/fr/carte-de-lecosysteme-de-lia-en-2019/
MEI—Ministry of Economy and Innovation. (2016). Industrie 4.0: les défis de la quatrième révolution industrielle. Government of Quebec. Accessed May 7, 2020. https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheques/bulletins/bulletin-espace-conseils-pme/archives/
MEI—Ministry of Economy and Innovation. (2018). L’intelligence artificielle: pourquoi la PME manufacturière devrait-elle en tirer profit? Government of Quebec, SME Advice Area. Accessed May 7, 2020. https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheques/outils/gestion-dune-entreprise/industrie-40/lintelligence-artificielle-pourquoi-la-pme-manufacturiere-devrait-elle-en-tirer-profit/
MESI—Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation. (2017, June). Industrie 4.0. Enquête auprès des entreprises manufacturières du Québec. Analysis report, project team MESI and CEFRIO, pp. 1–35.
Mazaud, F. (2006). De la firme sous-traitante de premier rang à la firme pivot. Une mutation de l’organisation du système productif «Airbus». Revue D’économie Industrielle, 113, 45–60.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage.
Moore, J. F. (1993). Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review, 71(3), 75–86.
Moore, J. F. (1996). The death of competition. Leadership and strategy in the age of business ecosystems. Harper Business.
Moore, J. F. (2006). Business ecosystems and the view from the firm. The Antitrust Bulletin, 51(1), 31–75.
Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 1–9.
OECD. (s.d. a). (2019). What are the OECD Principles on AI ? Consulted on July 4 2021, https://www.oecd.org/goingdigital/ai/principles/
PAEN [Digital Action Plan]. (2016a, October). Plan d’action en économie numérique. Feuille de route industrie 4.0. Quebec's digital strategy, Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (MESI), Government of Quebec, 1–52.
PAEN [Digital Action Plan]. (2016b). Plan d’action en économie numérique. Pour l’excellence numérique des entreprises et des organisations québécoises. Quebec's digital strategy, Government of Quebec, pp. 1–78.
Paillé, P., & Mucchielli, A. (2008). L’analyse qualitative en sciences humaines et sociales. Armand Colin.
Rocheleau-Houle, D. (2019). Les effets de l’intelligence artificielle sur le monde du travail [The effects of artificial intelligence on the world of work]. Commission de l’éthique en science et en technologie, Quebec Government, 1–54. Accessed May 20, 2020. https://www.ethique.gouv.qc.ca/assets/documents/IA_travail/CEST_effets_intelligence_artificielle_travail_A.pdf
Rydning, D. R. J. G. J. (2018). The digitization of the world from edge to core. International Data Corporation.
Spilling, O. (1996). The entrepreneurial system: On entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event. Journal of Business Research‚ 36(1)‚ 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(95)00166-2
Staples, M., & Niazi, M. (2007). Experiences using systematic review guidelines. Journal of Systems and Software, 80(9), 1425–1437.
Tremblay, D. G., & Yagoubi, A. (2017a). Business model and wearables: What convergence and collaboration in the area of connected objects and clothing? Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 5(1), 101–124.
Tremblay, D. G.‚ & Yagoubi‚ A. (2017b). “From open innovation to crowd sourcing: A new configuration of collaborative work?” in American Journal of Industrial and Business Management‚ 7(3). http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AJIBM_2017033115053775.pdf (AJIBM).
Trott, P.‚ & Hartmann‚ D. (2009). Why ‘open innovation' is old wine in new bottles. International Journal of Innovation Management, 13(4), pp. 715–736. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919609002509
Van der Maren, J. M. (1987). L’Interprétation des données dans la recherche qualitative: actes du colloque. In Actes de colloque. Université de Montréal, Faculté des sciences de l'éducation.
Voss, E., & Rego, R. (2019). Digitalization and public services: A labour perspective.
Yagoubi, A., & Tremblay, D. G. (2017). L’innovation numérique et technologique dans le secteur vêtement-mode: Les politiques publiques en soutien à la création d’un écosystème d’affaires intersectoriel. Innovations, 2, 153–193.
Yagoubi, A., Tremblay, D.-G., & Psyché, V. (2021). What skills are required for an AI project manager? Development of a skills framework. Research report for the PIA-CO1 project. Montréal: Université Téluq. 80 p.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tremblay, DG., Yagoubi, A., Psyché, V. (2022). Digital Transformation: An Analysis of the Role of Technology Service Providers in Montreal’s Emerging AI Business Ecosystem. In: Ratajczak-Mrozek, M., Marszałek, P. (eds) Digitalization and Firm Performance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83360-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83360-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83359-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83360-2
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)