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Durability of Earth Materials: Weathering Agents, Testing Procedures and Stabilisation Methods

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Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements

Part of the book series: RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports ((RILEM State Art Reports,volume 35))

Abstract

This chapter reviews the potential impact of six environmental agents (water, ice, wind, fire, solar radiation and chemical attack) on the long-term stability of earth buildings together with some of the most common techniques for measuring and improving material durability. Liquid water appears the most detrimental of all environmental agents, not only because it can significantly reduce capillary cohesion inside the material but also because water can penetrate inside buildings through multiple routes, e.g. rainfall, foundation rise, ambient humidity and utilities leakage. Water can also be very damaging when it is present in solid form as the expansion of pore ice may induce cracking of the earth material. The high resistance of earth buildings to wind is instead proven by the good conditions of many historic structures in windy regions. Earth buildings also exhibit good resistance to fire as the exposure to very high temperatures may even improve material durability. Solar radiation has, in general, a beneficial effect on the stability of earth buildings as it promotes water evaporation with a consequent increase of capillary cohesion. Solar radiation may, however, have a detrimental effect if the earth is stabilised by organic binders that are sensitive to photodegradation because, in this case, it may produce material damages ranging from a simple surface discoloration to a much more serious deterioration of the intergranular bonds. Unstabilized earth is generally inert and, hence, largely unaffected by chemicals though, in some instances, the precipitation of salt crystals inside the pore water can induce material cracking. Chemical degradation can instead be severe in both stabilised earth (due to the dissolution of intergranular bonds) and steel-reinforced earth (due to the corrosion of rebars). No international standard protocol exists to measure the durability of earth materials, which is currently assessed by multiple experimental procedures depending on which environmental agent is considered. Testing standards may, however, be devised in the future by differentiating between weathering protocols, which reproduce the effect of each agent on the earth sample, and durability protocols, which adopt a unique experimental procedure to measure a given material property regardless of weathering history.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire SIAME, Fédération IPRA, Université de Pau et Des Pays de l’Adour, Anglet, France

    Domenico Gallipoli

  2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy

    Domenico Gallipoli

  3. School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK

    Agostino W. Bruno

  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Quoc-Bao Bui

  5. LTDS-ENTPE, CNRS, University of Lyon, UMR 5513, Vaulx-en-Velin, France

    Antonin Fabbri

  6. CERIS and NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal

    Paulina Faria

  7. ISISE & IB-S, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal

    Daniel V. Oliveira & Rui A. Silva

  8. Département de Génie de La Construction, École de technologie supérieure, 1100, rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Qc, 3C 1K3, Canada

    Claudiane Ouellet-Plamondon

Authors
  1. Domenico Gallipoli
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  2. Agostino W. Bruno
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  3. Quoc-Bao Bui
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  4. Antonin Fabbri
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  5. Paulina Faria
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  6. Daniel V. Oliveira
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  7. Claudiane Ouellet-Plamondon
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  8. Rui A. Silva
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Correspondence to Domenico Gallipoli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat, Vaulx-en-Velin, France

    Antonin Fabbri

  2. Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Centre for the Built and Natural Environment, Coventry University, Conventry, UK

    Jean-Claude Morel

  3. Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France

    Jean-Emmanuel Aubert

  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

    Quoc-Bao Bui

  5. Institut Supérieur Aquitain du Bâtiment et Travaux Publics, University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Anglet, France

    Domenico Gallipoli

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

    B.V. Venkatarama Reddy

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Gallipoli, D. et al. (2022). Durability of Earth Materials: Weathering Agents, Testing Procedures and Stabilisation Methods. In: Fabbri, A., Morel, JC., Aubert, JE., Bui, QB., Gallipoli, D., Reddy, B.V. (eds) Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements. RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports, vol 35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_6

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