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Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

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Approaches to Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder that is often unrecognized in the early stages. The most common causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension, both of which are also associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. CKD is an independent risk factor for increased CV disease. Hypertension is the leading factor in the global burden of disease and cause of CV disease, renal failure, and premature death. CKD is both a common cause and consequence of uncontrolled hypertension. The pathophysiology of CKD-associated hypertension is complex, multi-factorial, and bidirectional. Key pathogenic mechanisms include sodium dysregulation, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and alterations in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, all of which play an important role in determining the choice of antihypertensive medication. Standardized blood pressure (BP), including out-of-office BP measurements, provide a better assessment of diurnal BP variation commonly seen in CKD. Medical therapy can be challenging secondary to increased prevalence of resistant hypertension.

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  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Seyed Mehrdad Hamrahian

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  1. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jerry McCauley

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Seyed Mehrdad Hamrahian

  3. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Omar H. Maarouf

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Hamrahian, S.M. (2022). Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. In: McCauley, J., Hamrahian, S.M., Maarouf, O.H. (eds) Approaches to Chronic Kidney Disease . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83082-3_15

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