Abstract
Nonhuman primates (henceforth, primates) are among the most extensively studied animal species on the planet. In this chapter I provide a brief overview of the reasons why primatology is a popular and thriving science, why primates are valuable research subjects, the scientific disciplines in which they are used, and the species and numbers involved. Globally, an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 primates are used in research every year, the majority (an estimated two-thirds) being long-tailed and rhesus macaques used mainly for pharmaceutical development, neuroscience, and infectious disease studies. I give examples of what primates may experience as part of their involvement in regulated and unregulated scientific procedures and outline how the associated ethical and welfare issues are typically addressed. Although primate research projects are conducted in a variety of settings, special attention is given in this chapter to laboratory- and zoo-based research. The role of zoos in primate conservation and education is also discussed. I conclude with some broad principles for good practice in the design, conduct, and reporting of primate research, aimed principally at students and early career scientists. Adoption of high scientific and ethical standards is important for continued funding and public support for primate research, and for garnering maximum value from it.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Academy of Medical Sciences/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust (2015) Reproducibility and reliability of biomedical research: improving research practise. In: The Academy of Medical Sciences, Symposium report. Academy of Medical Sciences. https://acmedsci.ac.uk/file-download/38189-56531416e2949.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Animal Procedures Committee (2002) The use of primates under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986): analysis of current trends with particular reference to regulatory toxicology. London. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118994/primates.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Association of Primate Veterinarians (2017) Education and resources. https://www.primatevets.org/education%2D%2Dresources. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2016) A toolkit to engage in field conservation: created by the AZA Field Conservation Committee, Edition 2.0
Bailey J (2022) Arguments against using nonhuman primates in research. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 547–574
Baker KC (2016) Survey of 2014 behavioral management programs for laboratory primates in the United States. Am J Primatol 78(7):780–796. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22543
Baker KR, Farmer HL (2022) The welfare of primates in zoo. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 79–96
Bate ST, Clark RA (2014) The design and statistical analysis of animal experiments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bateson P, Johansen-Berg H, Jones DK, et al. (2011) Review of research using non-human primates: report of a panel chaired by Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS. London
Bayne KAL, Morris TH (2012) Laws, regulations and policies relating to the care and use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research. In: Abee C, Mansfield K, Tardif S, Morris T (eds) Nonhuman primates in biomedical research: biology and management, 2nd edn, vol 1. Academic Press, London, pp 35–56
Bayne K, Hau J, Morris T (2022) The welfare impact of regulations, policies, guidelines and directives and nonhuman primate welfare. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 629–646
Bennett BT (2016) Association of primate veterinarians 2014 nonhuman primate housing survey. JAALAS 55(2):172–174
BIAZA (2013) Handbook of zoo research, guidelines for conducting research in zoos. http://www.biaza.org.uk/uploads/Research/BIAZA%20Handbook%20of%20Zoo%20Research%202014%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Bowler MT, Buchanan-Smith HM, Whiten A (2012) Assessing public engagement with science in a university primate research centre in a national zoo. PLoS One 7(4):e34505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034505
Boyd Group (2002) The use of non-human primates in research and testing. The British Psychological Society, Leicester
Brønstad A, Newcomer CE, Decelle T et al (2016) Current concepts of harm–benefit analysis of animal experiments–report from the AALAS–FELASA working group on harm–benefit analysis - Part 1. Lab Anim 50(1S):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677216642398
Brown S, Flecknell PA, Jackson I, et al (2013) Independent investigation into animal research at Imperial College London. http://brownreport.info/. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Buchanan-Smith HM, Hardie SM, Caceres C, Prescott MJ (2000) Distribution and forest utilization of Saguinus and other primates of the Pando Department, Northern Bolivia. Int J Primatol 21:353–379. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005483601403
Buchanan-Smith HM, Tasker L, Ash H, Graham ML (2022) Welfare of primates in laboratories: opportunities for improvement. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 97–120
Buckley LA, Chapman KL, Burns-Naas LA et al (2011) Considerations regarding nonhuman primate use in safety assessment of biopharmaceuticals. Int J Toxicol 30(5):583–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581811415875
Burm SM, Prins J-B, Langermans J, Bajramovic JJ (2014) Alternative methods for the use of non-human primates in biomedical research. ALTEX-Altern Anim Ex 31(4):520–529. https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.1406231
CAMARADES/NC3Rs (2017) Systematic review facility. https://syrf.org.uk/ Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Carlsson H, Schapiro SJ, Farah I, Hau J (2004) Use of primates in research: a global overview. Am J Primatol 63(4):225–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20054
Chapman KL, Andrews L, Bajramovic JJ et al (2012) The design of chronic toxicology studies of monoclonal antibodies: implications for the reduction in use of non-human primates. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 62(2):347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.016
Chapman KL, Bayne KAL, Couch J et al (2015) Opportunities for implementing the 3Rs in drug development and safety assessment studies using nonhuman primates. In: Bluemel J (ed) The nonhuman primate in nonclinical drug development and safety assessment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 281–301
Clemence M, Leaman J (2016) Public attitudes to animal research in 2016. Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute/Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. www.ipsos-mori.com/Assets/Docs/Publications/sri-public-attitudes-to-animal-research-2016.pdf Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Coleman K (2011) Caring for nonhuman primates in biomedical research facilities: scientific, moral and emotional considerations. Am J Primatol 73(3):220–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20855
Coleman K, Robertson ND, Bethea CL (2011) Long-term ovariectomy alters social and anxious behaviors in semi-free ranging Japanese macaques. Behav Brain Res 225(1):317–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.046
Coleman K, Timmel G, Prongay K, Baker KC (2022) Common husbandry, housing, and animal care practices. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 317–348
Cyranoski D (2016) Monkey kingdom. Nature 532(7599):300–302. https://doi.org/10.1038/532300a
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2012) Zoos expert committee handbook, November 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69611/pb13815-zoos-expert-committee-handbook1.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Eastwood D, Findlay L, Poole S et al (2010) Monoclonal antibody TGN1412 trial failure explained by species differences in CD28 expression on CD4+ effector memory T-cells. Br J Pharmacol 161(3):512–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00922.x
Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB et al (2017) Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Sci Adv 3(1):e1600946. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600946
European Commission (2006) Results of questionnaire for the general public on the revision of Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/results_citizens.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
European Commission (2010) Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes OJL276/33. Official Journal of the European Union L276:33. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:en:PDF. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
European Commission (2015) EU Zoos directive. Good practices document. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/pdf/EU_Zoos_Directive_Good_Practices.pdf. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Expert Working Group on Severity Classification Criteria (2009) Expert working group on severity classification of scientific procedures performed on animals, Final Report. European Commission, Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/report_ewg.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Farmer HL, Baker KR, Cabana F (2022) Housing and husbandry for primates in zoos. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 349–368
Fedigan LM (2010) Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: asking the relevant questions. Am J Primatol 72(9):754–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20814
Ferreira RG, Ruiz-Miranda C, Sita S, Sánchez-López S, Pissinatti A, Corte S, Jerusalinsky L, Wagner PG, Maas C (2022) Primates under human care in developing countries: examples from Latin America. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 145–170
Freedman LP, Cockburn IM, Simcoe TS (2015) The economics of reproducibility in preclinical research. PLoS Biol 13(6):e1002165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002165
Gippoliti S (2006) Applied primatology in zoos: History and prospects in the field of wildlife conservation, public awareness and animal welfare. Primate Rep 73:57–71
Graham ML, Prescott MJ (2015) The multifactorial role of the 3Rs in shifting the harm-benefit analysis in animal models of disease. Eur J Pharmacol 759:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.040
Graham ML, Rieke EF, Mutch LA et al (2012) Successful implementation of cooperative handling eliminates the need for restraint in a complex non-human primate disease model. J Med Primatol 41(2):89–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00525.x
Gruen L, Fleury E (2022) Animal welfare, animal rights, and a sanctuary ethos. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 613–628
Gruen L, Fultz A, Pruetz J (2013) Ethical issues in African great ape field studies. ILAR J 54(1):24–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilt016
Hagelin J (2004) Use of live nonhuman primates in research in Asia. J Postgrad Med 50(4):253–256
Hagelin J (2005) Use of nonhuman primates in research in Sweden: 25 year longitudinal survey. ALTEX-Altern Anim Ex 22(1):13–18
Hardie SM, Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (2003) Ten years of mixed-species troops at Belfast Zoological Gardens. Primate Rep 65:21–38
Home Office (2015) The harm-benefit analysis process: new project licence applications. Advice Note: 05/2015. Animals in Science Regulation Unit, Home Office, London. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/487914/Harm_Benefit_Analysis__2_.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Home Office (2016) Annual statistics of scientific procedures on living animals Great Britain 2015. The Stationery Office, London. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537708/scientific-procedures-living-animals-2015.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Hopper LM, Shender MA, Ross SR (2016) Behavioral research as physical enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biol 35(4):293–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21297
Hosey G (2005) How does the zoo environment affect the behaviour of captive primates? Appl Anim Behav Sci 90(2):107–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.015
Hosey G (2022) The history of primates in zoos. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 3–30
Hosey G, Melfi V, Pankhurst S (2013) Zoo animals: behaviour, management, and welfare, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (2015) Reproducibility issues in research with animals and animal models: Workshop in brief. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. https://www.nap.edu/download/21835. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
International Union for Conservation of Nature (2021) The IUCN red list of threatened species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Irvine C, Egan KJ, Shubber Z et al (2015) Efficacy of HIV postexposure prophylaxis: systematic review and meta-analysis of nonhuman primate studies. Clin Infect Dis 60(Suppl 3):S165–S169. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ069
Janson CH, Brosnan SF (2013) Experiments in primatology: from the lab to the field and back again. In: Sterling EJ, Bynum N, Blair ME (eds) Primate ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 177–194
Jennings M, Prescott MJ (2009) Refinements in husbandry, care and common procedures for non-human primates. Lab Anim 43(1S):1–47. https://doi.org/10.1258/la.2008.007143
Jolly A (1985) The evolution of primate behavior: a survey of the primate order traces the progressive development of intelligence as a way of life. Am Sci 73(3):230–239
Kaiser J (2015) NIH to end all support for chimpanzee research. Science November 1. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/11/nih-end-all-support-chimpanzee-research. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Kerwin A (2006) Overcoming the barriers to the retirement of Old and New World monkeys from research facilities. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 9(4):337–347. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0904_9
Kierulff MCM, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Oliveira PP et al (2012) The golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia: a conservation success story. Int Zoo Yearb 46(1):36–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00170.x
Kilkenny C, Parsons N, Kadyszewski E et al (2009) Survey of the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting of research using animals. PLoS One 4(11):e7824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007824
Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC et al (2010) Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 8(6):e1000412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000412
King T, Chamberlan C, Courage A (2012) Assessing initial reintroduction success in long-lived primates by quantifying survival, reproduction, and dispersal parameters: Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Congo and Gabon. Int J Primatol 33:134–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9563-2
King T, Chamberlan C, Courage A (2014) Assessing reintroduction success in long-lived primates through population viability analysis: Western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla in Central Africa. Oryx 48(2):294–303. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312001391
Kipling R (1894) The jungle book. Macmillan and Co., London
Kleiman DG (1985) Criteria for the evaluation of zoo research projects. Zoo Biol 4(2):93–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430040202
Kreger MD, Mench JA (1995) Visitor—animal interactions at the zoo. Anthrozoös 8(3):143–158. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279395787156301
Laber K, Newcomer CE, Decelle T et al (2016) Recommendations for addressing harm–benefit analysis and implementation in ethical evaluation – Report from the AALAS–FELASA working group on harm–benefit analysis – Part 2. Lab Anim 50(1S):21–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677216642397
Lankau EW, Turner PV, Mullan RJ, Galland GG (2014) Use of nonhuman primates in research in North America. Lab Anim Sci 53(3):278–282
Lexchin J, LA B, Djulbegovi B, et al (2003) Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. BMJ 326:1167–1170. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
Living Links (2021) Publications. https://living-links.org/about/publications/. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Martin P, Bateson P (2007) Measuring behaviour: an introductory guide, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Matsuzawa T (2007) Comparative cognitive development. Dev Sci 10(1):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00570.x
McCann C, Buchanan-Smith HM, Jones-Engel L, et al (2007) IPS International guidelines for the acquisition, care and breeding of nonhuman primates, 2nd edn. Primate Care Committee, International Primatological Society. http://www.internationalprimatologicalsociety.org/docs/ips_international_guidelines_for_the_acquisition_care_and_breeding_of_nonhuman_primates_second_edition_2007.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
McMillan JL, Bloomsmith MA, Prescott MJ (2017) An international survey of approaches to chair restraint of nonhuman primates. Comp Med 67(5):442–451
Minteer BA, Collins JP (2013) Ecological ethics in captivity: balancing values and responsibilities in zoo and aquarium research under rapid global change. ILAR J 54(1):41–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilt009
Moss A, Jensen E, Gusset M (2015) Evaluating the contribution of zoos and aquariums to Aichi Biodiversity Target 1. Conserv Biol 29(2):537–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12383
National Institutes of Health (2016) Rigor and reproducibility. https://grants.nih.gov/reproducibility/index.htm. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Nature (2018) Challenges in irreproducible research. https://www.nature.com/collections/prbfkwmwvz/. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
NC3Rs (2006) Non-human primate accommodation, care and use, 1st edition. NC3Rs, London. https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/non-human-primate-accommodation-care-and-use. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
NC3Rs (2010) The welfare of non-human primates. https://nc3rs.org.uk/welfare-non-human-primates. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
NC3Rs (2015) The Macaque Website. https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/macaques/. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
NC3Rs (2016) Experimental design assistant. https://eda.nc3rs.org.uk/. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
NC3Rs (2020) ARRIVE guidelines. https://arriveguidelines.org/. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
NC3Rs/AMRC/BBSRC/Defra/EPSRC/MRC/NERC/Wellcome Trust (2008) Responsibility in the use of animals in bioscience research: expectations of the major research councils and charitable funding bodies. NC3Rs, London. https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/responsibility-use-animals-bioscience-research. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A et al (2020a) The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 18(7):e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410
Percie du Sert N, Ahluwalia A, Alam S et al (2020b) Reporting animal research: explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol 18(7):e3000411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411
Petticrew M, Davey Smith G (2012) The monkey puzzle: a systematic review of studies of stress, social hierarchies, and heart disease in monkeys. PLoS One 7(3):e27939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027939
Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP et al (2014) Why primate models matter. Am J Primatol 76(9):801–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22281
Pickard J, Buchanan-Smith HM, Dennis MB, et al (2013) Review of the assessment of cumulative severity and lifetime experience in non-human primates used in neuroscience research. London
Plowman AB (2008) BIAZA statistics guidelines: toward a common application of statistical tests for zoo research. Zoo Biol 27(3):226–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20184
Poole T (1997) Happy animals make good science. Lab Anim 31(2):116–124. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600198
Prescott MJ (2006) Finding new homes for ex-laboratory and surplus zoo primates. Lab Prim Newsl 45:5–8. https://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn45-3.html#homing
Prescott MJ (2010) Ethics of primate use. Adv Sci Res 5(1):11–22. https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-5-11-2010
Prescott MJ (2016) Online resources for improving the care and use of non-human primates in research. Prim Biol 3(2):33–40. https://doi.org/10.5194/pb-3-33-2016
Prescott MJ (2017) The three Rs. In: The international encyclopedia of primatology. Wiley, London, pp 1–5
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (1999) Intra- and inter-specific social learning of a novel food task in two species of tamarin. Int J Comp Psychol 12(2):71–92
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (2002) Predation sensitive foraging in captive tamarins. In: Miller LE (ed) Eat or be eaten: predator sensitive foraging among primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 44–57
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (2003) Training nonhuman primates using positive reinforcement techniques. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 6(3):157–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0603_01
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (2004) Cage sizes for tamarins in the laboratory. Anim Welf 13(2):151–158
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM (2007) Training laboratory-housed non-human primates, part I: A UK survey. Anim Welf 16(1):21–26
Prescott MJ, Jennings M (2004) Ethical and welfare implications of the acquisition and transport of non-human primates for use in research and testing. ATLA-Altern Lab Anim 32(S1):323–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/026119290403201s53
Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM, Smith AC (2005) Social interaction with non-averse group-mates modifies a learned food aversion in single- and mixed-species groups of tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis and S. labiatus). Am J Primatol 65(4):313–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20118
Prescott MJ, Brown VJ, Flecknell PA et al (2010) Refinement of the use of food and fluid control as motivational tools for macaques used in behavioural neuroscience research: report of a Working Group of the NC3Rs. J Neurosci Methods 193(2):167–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.09.003
Prior H, Bottomley A, Champéroux P et al (2016) Social housing of non-rodents during cardiovascular recordings in safety pharmacology and toxicology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 81:75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2016.03.004
Quigley M (2007) Non-human primates: the appropriate subjects of biomedical research? J Med Ethics 33(11):655–658. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2007.020784
Regan T (1996) Are zoos morally defensible? In: Norton BG (ed) Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 38–51
Reinhardt V (2004) Common husbandry-related variables in biomedical research with animals. Lab Anim 38(3):213–235. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367704323133600
Rennie AE, Buchanan-Smith HM (2006a) Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. Part III: Refinement of procedures. Anim Welf 15(3):239–261
Rennie AE, Buchanan-Smith HM (2006b) Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. Part II: Housing, husbandry and acquisition. Anim Welf 15(3):215–238
Rennie AE, Buchanan-Smith HM (2006c) Refinement of the use of non-human primates in scientific research. Part I: The influence of humans. Anim Welf 15(3):203–213
Research Councils UK (2015) Updated RCUK guidance for funding applications involving animal research
Riley EP, MacKinnon KC, Fernandez-Duque E, et al (2014) Code of best practices for field primatology. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2889.1847
Ross SR, Wagner KE, Schapiro SJ, Hau J (2010) Ape behavior in two alternating environments: comparing exhibit and short-term holding areas. Am J Primatol 72(11):951–959. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20857
Rossi J (2009) Nonhuman primate research: the wrong way to understand needs and necessity. Am J Bioethics 9(5):21–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160902788728
Schnell CR, Gerber P (1997) Training and remote monitoring of cardiovascular parameters in non-human primates. Prim Rep 49:61–70
Scientific Committee on Health Environmental and Emerging Risks (2017) Preliminary Opinion on the need for non-human primates in biomedical research, production and testing of products and devices (update 2017). https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Setchell JM, Curtis DJ (2011) Field and laboratory methods in primatology: a practical guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Smith AC, Surridge AK, Prescott MJ et al (2012) Effect of colour vision status on insect prey capture efficiency of captive and wild tamarins (Saguinus spp.). Anim Behav 83(2):479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.023
t’Hart BA, Laman JD, Kap YS (2022) An unexpected symbiosis of animal welfare and clinical relevance in a refined nonhuman primate model of human autoimmune disease. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 591–612
Talbot CF, Reamer LA, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Brosnan SF (2022) Meeting cognitive, behavioral, and social needs of primates in captivity. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 267–302
Tasker L (2012) Linking welfare and quality of scientific output in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) used for regulatory toxicology. PhD thesis, University of Stirling, Stirling. https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/9801/1/Lou%20Tasker%20Thesis%202012.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2017
Turner PV (2022) The history of chimpanzees in biomedical research. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 31–56
University of Stirling, Primate Society of Great Britain, NC3Rs (2011) Common marmoset care. www.marmosetcare.com. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Vesterinen HM, Sena ES, ffrench-Constant C et al (2010) Improving the translational hit of experimental treatments in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16(9):1044–1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510379612
von Roten FC (2013) Public perceptions of animal experimentation across Europe. Public Underst Sci 22(6):691–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662511428045
Walker MD, Nelson JK, Bernal JC (2007) Toxicology (primates). In: Gad S (ed) Animal models in toxicology, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 797–799
Waller BM, Peirce K, Mitchell H, Micheletta J (2012) Evidence of public engagement with science: visitor learning at a zoo-housed primate research centre. PLoS One 7(9):e44680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044680
Weatheall D, Goodfellow P, Harris J, et al (2015) The use of non-human primates in research: a working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall. 2006. London
Whitehouse J, Micheletta J, Powell LE et al (2013) The impact of cognitive testing on the welfare of group housed primates. PLoS One 8(11):e78308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078308
Whittaker M, Laule G (2012) Training techniques to enhance the care and welfare of nonhuman primates. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 15(3):445–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2012.06.004
Wolfe-Coote S (2005) The laboratory primate. Academic, London
Wolfensohn S (2022) Humane end points and end of life in primates used in laboratories. In: Robinson LM, Weiss A (eds) Nonhuman primate welfare: from history, science, and ethics to practice. Springer, Cham, pp 369–386
Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center (2017) Publications. http://wkprc.eva.mpg.de/english/files/public.htm. Accessed 16 Jun 2021
Zhang XL, Pang W, Hu XT et al (2014) Experimental primates and non-human primate (NHP) models of human diseases in China: current status and progress. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 35(6):447–464. https://doi.org/10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.6.447
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Dr. Nathalie Percie du Sert, NC3Rs for helpful comments on this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prescott, M.J. (2023). Using Primates in Captivity: Research, Conservation, and Education. In: Robinson, L.M., Weiss, A. (eds) Nonhuman Primate Welfare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82708-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82708-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-82707-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-82708-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)