Skip to main content

Theorizing Reorganizations of Care: Boundary Work and the Professions During Ontario’s COVID-19 Response

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Organising Care in a Time of Covid-19

Part of the book series: Organizational Behaviour in Healthcare ((OBHC))

Abstract

Healthcare workers took center stage in the early unfolding drama of the COVID-19 pandemic. Subject to multiple demands, these workers embodied debates about the duties of professionals, the responsibilities of employers, and reasonable expectations of publics. These dynamics have long been of interest to sociologists studying professions. In this paper, we explore how healthcare workers were reorganized in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. Using concepts of boundaries and boundary work, we analyzed the interface between employers, professions, and the state as played out through governmental orders and organizational policies. By placing the dynamics of reorganization in the context of existing policy trajectories, we are able to see both continuities and disruptions. In terms of continuities, the ability to rapidly mobilize the healthcare workforce reflected the historical incursion of policy into the content of healthcare professionals’ work. In terms of disruptions, the nascent policy trajectory of patient and caregiver involvement in health care was abruptly halted as redeployment activity centered around assessments of risk, governance, and accountability. Ultimately, this paper draws attention to relationships of expertise, power, and accountability between healthcare professions, governments, health service organizations and the public, offering potential insight into professional work in a post-pandemic world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, A. (1995a). Boundaries of social work or social work of boundaries?: The social service review lecture. Social Service Review, 69(4), 545–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, A. (1995b). Things of boundaries. Social Research, 62(4), 857–882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, A. (2005). Linked ecologies: States and universities as environments for professions. Sociological Theory, 23(3), 245–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, T. L., Kirkpatrick, I., Tolbert, P. S., & Waring, J. (2020). From protective to connective professionalism: Quo Vadis professional exclusivity? Journal of Professions and Organization. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/joaa014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, T. L., & Saks, M. (2018). Neo-weberianism and changing state-profession relations: The case of Canadian health care. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 88(88), 61–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anteby, M., Chan, C. K., & DiBenigno, J. (2016). Three lenses on occupations and professions in organizations: Becoming, doing, and relating. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 183–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2016.1120962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1980). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1993). Sociology in question. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1996). Understanding. Theory, Culture & Society, 13(2), 17–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeault, I. L., & Mulvale, G. (2006). Collaborative health care teams in Canada and the USA: Confronting the structural embeddedness of medical dominance. Health Sociology Review: Medical Dominance Revisited, 15(5), 481–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn, D. (1988). Canadian medicine: Dominance or proletarianization? The Milbank Quarterly, 66(2), 92–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn, D. (1993). State authority, medical dominance, and trends in the regulation of the health professions: The Ontario case. Social Science & Medicine, 37(7), 841–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn, D. (2006). Medical dominance then and now: Critical reflections. Health Sociology Review, 15(5), 432–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coburn, D., Rappolt, S., & Bourgeault, I. (1997). Decline vs retention of medical power through restratification: An examination of the Ontario case. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, C. L. (2020). ‘Healthcare heroes’: Problems with media focus on heroism from healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Ethics, 46(8), 510–513. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. (1995). The construction of lay expertise: AIDS activism and the forging of credibility in the reform of clinical trials. Science, Technology & Human Values, 20(4), 408–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399502000402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evetts, J. (2016). Trust and professionalism: Challenges and occupational changes. Current Sociology, 54(4), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392106065083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyal, G. (2013). For a sociology of expertise: The social origins of the autism epidemic. American Journal of Sociology, 118(4), 863–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenwick, T. (2016). Professional responsibility and professionalism: A sociomaterial examination. Routeledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. F. (1983). Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 781–795. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, A., Cunningham-Burley, S., & Tutton, R. (2007). Shifting subject positions: Experts and lay people in public dialogue. Social Studies of Science, 37(3), 385–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706068492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 167–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, A., Lindberg, K., Mørk, B. E., Nicolini, D., Raviola, E., & Walter, L. (2019). Boundary work among groups, occupations, and organizations: From cartography to process. Academy of Management Annals, 13(2), 704–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (2007). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, A. (2020, May 11). Fourteen days on the COVID ward. Toronto Life. Retrieved from https://torontolife.com/city/fourteen-days-on-the-covid-ward-at-sunnybrook-a-memoir/

  • Martin, G. P., & Finn, R. (2011). Patients as team members: Opportunities, challenges and paradoxes of including patients in multi-professional healthcare teams. Sociology of Health & Illness, 33(7), 1050–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01356.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molinsky, A., & Margolis, J. (2005). Necessary evils and interpersonal sensitivity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 245–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muzio, D., Aulakh, S., & Kirkpatrick, I. (2019). Professional occupations and organizations. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. (2013). Professionals, power, and the reform of public services. In M. Noordegraaf & B. Steijn (Eds.), Professionals under pressure: The reconfiguration of professional work in changing public services (pp. 41–54). Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noordegraaf, M. (2011). Risky business: How professionals and professional fields (must) deal with organizational issues. Organization Studies, 32(10), 1349–1371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611416748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, P., & Kuper, A. (2017). Beyond vulnerability: How the dual role of patient-health care provider can inform health professions education. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 23(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-017-9777-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, P., McMillan, S., Martimianakis, M. A., & Hodges, B. D. (2018). Learning from patients: Constructions of knowledge and legitimacy in hospital-based quality improvement programmes. Studies in Continuing Education, 40(3), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037x.2018.1465402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, P., McMillan, S. E., McGillicuddy, P., & Richards, J. (2016). What is “the” patient perspective in patient engagement programs? Implicit logics and parallels to feminist theory. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 21(1), 76–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, T., & Angouri, J. (2013). ‘I’m an expert in me and I know what I can cope with’: Patient expertise in rheumatoid arthritis. Communication & Medicine, 10(3), 249–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Star, S. L. (2010). This is not a boundary object: Reflections on the origin of a concept. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 35(5), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243910377624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., Fagerhaugh, S., Suczek, B., & Wiener, C. (1985). The social organization of medical work. The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A., Schatzman, L., Ehrlich, D., Bucher, R., & Sabshin, M. (1963). The hospital and its negotiated order. In E. Friedson (Ed.), The hospital in modern society (pp. 169–XXX). Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronka, J. (2016). The politics of ‘people with lived experience’ experiential authority and the risks of strategic essentialism. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 23(3), 189–201. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648226

  • William, A. P., Eugene, V., May, L. C., Christel, A. W., & Barbara, M. F. (1995). Medicine and the Canadian state: From the politics of conflict to the politics of accommodation? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 303–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paula Rowland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rowland, P., Albert, M., Kitto, S. (2021). Theorizing Reorganizations of Care: Boundary Work and the Professions During Ontario’s COVID-19 Response. In: Waring, J., Denis, JL., Reff Pedersen, A., Tenbensel, T. (eds) Organising Care in a Time of Covid-19. Organizational Behaviour in Healthcare. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82696-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics