Abstract
To most, if not all, people active in the anti-corruption industry, this transaction that I witnessed has all the features of a bribe. The nurse could (or should) have refused the money since she had already a salary paid from the state and was not going to declare that extra income. But such a gesture has a different meaning in a hospital in London and Kyiv. In the latter context, doctors would work long hours for a salary that is a fraction of what they need to get to the end of the month.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Amendola, Adalgisio and Roberto Dell’Anno. 2010. “Desigualdad social, desarrollo económico y curva de Kuznets: un análisis en América Latina.” Studiositas 5 (3): 39–68. ISSN-e 1909-0366.
Ariely, Dan. 2002. “The Honest Truth About Dishonesty.” The Financial Times.
Bayat, Asef. 2000. “From ‘Dangerous Classes’ to ‘Quiet Rebels’.” International Sociology 15 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/026858000015003005.
Benanav, Aaron. 2019. “The Origins of Informality: The ILO at the Limit of the Concept of Unemployment.” Journal of Global History. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022818000372.
Boanada-Fuchs, Anthony, and Vanessa Boanada Fuchs. 2018. “Towards a Taxonomic Understanding of Informality.” International Development Planning Review. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.23.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2020. “Outline of a Theory of Practice.” In The New Social Theory Reader. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060963-11.
Bromley, Ray. 1978. “Introduction—The Urban Informal Sector: Why Is It Worth Discussing?” World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(78)90061-X.
Canclini, Néstor García. 2019. “A Culture of Informality.” Urban Studies 56 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018782635.
Castells, Manuel, and Alejandro Portes. 1989. “World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics, and Effects of the Informal Economy.” The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries.
Christiansen, Thomas, and Christine Neuhold. 2012. International Handbook on Informal Governance. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001219.
Davies, Thom, and Abel Polese. 2015. “Informality and Survival in Ukraine’s Nuclear Landscape: Living with the Risks of Chernobyl.” Journal of Eurasian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.09.002.
Davis, Diane E. 2017. “Informality and State Theory: Some Concluding Remarks.” Current Sociology 65 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116657301.
Dell’Anno, Roberto. (2010). “Institutions and Human Development in the Latin American Informal Economy.” Constitutional Political Economy 21 (3): 207–230.
Dell’Anno, Roberto, and Adalgiso Amendola. 2015. “Social Exclusion and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation in European Economies.” Review of Income and Wealth 61 (2): 274–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12096.
Dell’Anno, Roberto, Miguel Gómez-Antonio, and Angel Alañon-Pardo. 2007. “The Shadow Economy in Three Mediterranean Countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC Approach.” Empirical Economics 33 (1): 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0138-1.
Dixit, Avinash K. 2007. Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dreher, Axel, Christos Kotsogiannis, and Steve McCorriston. 2009. “How Do Institutions Affect Corruption and the Shadow Economy?” International Tax and Public Finance 16: 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-008-9089-5.
Falla, Ana Maria Vargas, and Sandra C. Valencia. 2019. “Beyond State Regulation of Informality: Understanding Access to Public Space by Street Vendors in Bogotá.” International Development Planning Review 41 (1). https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2019.3.
Feld, L. and F. Schneider. 2010. “Survey on the Shadow Economy and Undeclared Earnings in OECD Countries.” German Economic Review 11 (2): 109–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00509.x.
Gaal, Peter, Tamas Evetovits, and Martin McKee. 2006. “Informal Payment for Health Care: Evidence from Hungary.” Health Policy 77 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.024.
Gërxhani, Klarita. 2004. “Tax Evasion in Transition: Outcome of an Institutional Clash? Testing Feige’s Conjecture in Albania.” European Economic Review 48 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.08.014.
Guha-Khasnobis, B., R. Kanbur, and E. Ostrom, eds. 2006. Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haid, Christian G. 2017. “The Janus Face of Urban Governance: State, Informality and Ambiguity in Berlin.” Current Sociology 65 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116657299.
Haid, Christian G., and Hanna Hilbrandt. 2019. “Urban Informality and the State: Geographical Translations and Conceptual Alliances.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43 (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12700.
Hanau Santini, Ruth, Abel Polese, and Rob Kevlihan. 2020. Limited Statehood and Informal Governance in the Middle East and Africa. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429504570.
Harris, John R., and Michael P. Todaro. 1970. “Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis.” American Economic Review 60.
Hart, Keith. 1973. “Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00008089.
Hassan, Mai, and Friedrich Schneider. 2016. “Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 157 Countries Worldwide: Updated and New Measures.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 10281 October 2016. Accessed on 12 October 2021. https://ftp.iza.org/dp10281.pdf.
Helmke, Gretchen, and Steven Levitsky. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592704040472.
Innes, Judith E., Sarah Connick, and David Booher. 2007. “Informality as a Planning Strategy.” Journal of the American Planning Association 73 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360708976153.
Johnson, Simon, Daniel Kaufmann, and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón. 1998. “Corruption, Public Finance, and the Unofficial Economy.” ECLAC Conference.
Jones, Rhys. 2008. People/States/Territories: The Political Geographies of British State Transformation. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712849.
Kasza, Gregory J. 2002. “The Illusion of Welfare ‘Regimes’.” Journal of Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279401006584.
Kilby, Christopher. 2013. “An Empirical Assessment of Informal Influence in the World Bank.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 61 (2). https://doi.org/10.1086/668278.
Kleine, Mareike. 2014. “Informal Governance in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 21 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.870023.
Kucera, David, and Leanne Roncolato. 2008. “Informal Employment: Two Contested Policy Issues.” International Labour Review 147 (4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2008.00039.x.
Ledeneva, Alena V., ed. 2018a. The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 1. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781911307907.
———. 2018b. The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality, Volume 2. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787351899.
Lewis, Arthur. 1954. “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour.” The Manchester School 22 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x.
Lipton, Michael. 1984. “Family, Fungibility and Formality: Rural Advantages of Informal Non-farm Enterprise Versus the Urban-Formal State.” In Human Resources, Employment and Development Volume 5: Developing Countries. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17461-4_10.
Loyaza, Norman. 2016. “Informality in the Process of Development and Growth.” 7858. Policy Research Working Paper Series. Washington.
Migdal, Joel. 2012. State in Society Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, Jeremy. 2012. “Unruly Entrepreneurs: Russian Worker Responses to Insecure Formal Employment.” Global Labour Journal 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v3i2.1120.
Morris, Jeremy, and Abel Polese. 2015. Informal Economies in Post-Socialist Spaces: Practices, Institutions and Networks. Informal Economies in Post-Socialist Spaces: Practices, Institutions and Networks. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137483072.
Murru, Sarah, and Abel Polese, ed. 2020. Resistances: Between Theories and the Field. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Naylor, R. T. 2004. Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
North, Douglas. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Patico, Jennifer. 2002. “Chocolate and Cognac: Gifts and the Recognition of Social Worlds in Post-Soviet Russia.” Ethnos 67 (3). https://doi.org/10.1080/0014184022000031202.
de Paula, Áureo, and José A. Scheinkman. 2010. “Value-Added Taxes, Chain Effects, and Informality.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2 (4). https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.4.195.
Pauwelyn, Joost, Ramses A. Wessel, and Jan Wouters. 2013. Informal International Lawmaking. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658589.001.0001.
Phelps, Nicholas A. 2021. “The Inventiveness of Informality: An Introduction.” International Development Planning Review 43 (1). https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2021.1.
Piattoni, Simona. 2006. “Informal Governance in Structural Policy.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15705850600839561.
Polese, Abel. 2006a. “De Jure Oder de Facto? Die Gesundheits- Und Bildungssektoren in Der Ukraine.” Ukraine-Analysen2 16: 2–4.
———. 2006b. “Paying for a Free Education: Transitions Online.” Transitions2.
———. 2009a. “‘If I Receive It, It Is a Gift; If I Demand It, Then It Is a Bribe’: On the Local Meaning of Economic Transactions in Post-Soviet Ukraine.” Anthropology in Action 15 (3). https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2008.150305.
———. 2009b. “A Post-Soviet Syndrome: The State is Public, the Private Sector is Private...the Public Sector is?” Working Paper, University of Poznan Adam Mickiewicz.
———. 2016. Limits of a Post-Soviet State: How Informality Replaces, Renegotiates, and Reshapes Governance in Contemporary Ukraine. Stuttgart: Ibidem Verlag.
———. 2021. The Art of Bypassing the State: Mapping Informality in Eurasian Spaces (and Beyond), Eurasian Geographies and Economics.
Polese, Abel, Alessandra Russo, and Francesco Strazzari. 2019a. “Introduction: ‘The Good, the Bad and the Ugly’: Transnational Perspectives on the Extralegal Field.” In International Political Economy Series, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05039-9_1.
———. 2019b. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Transnational Perspectives on the Extralegal Field. International Political Economy Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05039-9_1.
Polese, A., J. Morris, and B. Kovács. 2015. “Introduction: The Failure and Future of the Welfare State in Post-Socialism.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.11.001.
Polese, A., J. Morris, B. Kovács, and I. Harboe. 2014. “‘Welfare States’ and Social Policies in Eastern Europe and the Former USSR: Where Informality Fits In?” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 22 (2): 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2014.902368.
Polese, A., and P. Rodgers. 2011. “Surviving Post-socialism: The Role of Informal Economic Practices.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 31 (11–12). https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331111177896.
Polese, Abel, and Rob Kevlihan. 2013. “Locating Insurgency, Informality and Social Movements on a Spectrum: Is There a Theory Linking Them All?” In 9Th Pan-European Conference on International Relations of EISA, Naxos 23–26.
Polese, Abel, and Ruth Hanau Santini. 2018. “Limited Statehood and Its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 29 (3). https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1456815.
La Porta, Rafael, and Andrei Shleifer. 2014. “Informality and Development.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28 (3): 109–26.
Rivkin-Fish, Michele. 2005. “Bribes, Gifts and Unofficial Payments: Rethinking Corruption in Post-Soviet Russian Health Care.” In Corruption: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
Roger, Charles. 2020. The Origins of Informality: Why the Legal Foundations of Global Governance Are Shifting, and Why It Matters. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09394-x.
Routh, Supriya. 2011. “Building Informal Workers Agenda: Imagining ‘Informal Employment’ in Conceptual Resolution of ‘Informality’.” Global Labour Journal 2 (3). https://doi.org/10.15173/glj.v2i3.1106.
Roy, Ananya. 2009. “Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization.” Planning Theory 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095208099299.
Roy, Ananya, and Nezar AlSayyad, eds. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Sarmiento, Hugo, and Chris Tilly. 2018. “Governance Lessons from Urban Informality.” Politics and Governance. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1169.
Schneider, Friedrich. 2011. Handbook on the Shadow Economy. Handbook on the Shadow Economy. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930880.
Schneider, Friedrich, and Andreas Buehn. 2017. “Shadow Economy: Estimation Methods, Problems, Results and Open Questions.” Open Economics 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.1515/openec-2017-0001.
Schneider, Friedrich, and Dominik H. Enste. 2003. The Shadow Economy: An International Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493591.
Schneider, Friedrich, and Désirée Teobaldelli. 2012. “Beyond the Veil of Ignorance: The Influence of Direct Democracy on the Shadow Economy.” 3749. CESifo Working Paper Series. CESifo.
Schneider, Friedrich G. and Colin Williams. 2013. The Shadow Economy. Institute of Economic Affairs, June 1, 2013. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2286334.
Schneider, Friederich, and Leandro Medina. 2017. “Shadow Economies Around the World: New Results for 158 Countries over 1991–2015.” 6430. CESifo Working Paper Series. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2965972.
Schneider, Friedrich, Konrad Raczkowski, and Bogdan Mróz. 2015. “Shadow Economy and Tax Evasion in the EU.” Journal of Money Laundering Control 18 (1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-09-2014-0027.
Scott, James C. 1977. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale: Yale University Press.
———. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
———. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale: Yale University Press.
———. 2019. Two Cheers for Anarchism. Two Cheers for Anarchism. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400844623.
Sheller, Mimi, and John Urry. 2006. “The New Mobilities Paradigm.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38 (2): 207–26. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268.
de Soto, Hernando. 1989. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Basic Books.
Stafsudd, Anna. 2009. “Corporate Networks as Informal Governance Mechanisms: A Small Worlds Approach to Sweden.” Corporate Governance: An International Review 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2008.00721.x.
Stone, Randall W. 2013. “Informal Governance in International Organizations: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Review of International Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-013-9168-y.
Tanzi, Vito. 1998. “Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures.” IMF Staff Papers 45 (4): 559–594. https://doi.org/10.2307/3867585.
Teobaldelli, Désirée, and Friedrich Schneider. 2013. “The Influence of Direct Democracy on the Shadow Economy.” Public Choice 157 (3–4): 543–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0098-2.
Turner, John. 1977. Housing by People: Towards Autonomy in Building Environments. New York: Pantheon Books.
Van Schendel, Willem, and Itty Abraham. 2005. Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization.
Wanner, Catherine. 2005. “Money, Morality and New Forms of Exchange in Postsocialist Ukraine.” Ethnos 70 (4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840500419782.
Williams, Colin C. 2004. Cash-in-Hand Work: The Underground Sector and the Hidden Economy of Favours: Cash-in-Hand Work: The Underground Sector and the Hidden Economy of Favours. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230506190.
Williams, Colin and Friedrich Schneider. 2016. Measuring the Global Shadow Economy. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Acknowledgement
This book benefited from EU funding European Commission [H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018-Shadow, grant no: 778118 and H2020-MSCA-RISE2019-New Markets, grant no: 824027]. The book was finalized during a research stay in Kyoto funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Visiting Fellowship Scheme (2020/2021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Polese, A. (2022). The (Im)Moralities of Informality: States, Their Citizens and Conflicting Moral Orders. In: Polese, A. (eds) Informality, Labour Mobility and Precariousness. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82499-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82499-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-82498-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-82499-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)